KD 

>957 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND 
THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


BY 


GEORGE  ESDRAS  BEVANS,  M.  A. 


Submitted  in  Partial  Fulfillment  of  the    Requirements  for  the  Degree  of  Doctor  of 

Philosophy  in  the  Faculty  of  Political  Science 

Columbia  University 


NEW    YORK 

1913 


•' 


COPYRIGHT,  1913 

BY 
GEORGE  ESDRAS  BEVANS. 


TO 
MY  FATHER 


282312 


PREFACE 

'  I  ^HIS  investigation  has  been  undertaken  in  order  to  determine 
•*•  how  workingmen  spend  their  leisure  hours.  On  the  sugges- 
tion of  Dr.  Franklin  H.  Giddings,  Professor  of  Sociology,  Colum- 
bia University,  the  questionnaire  method  was  adopted  and  a  time 
schedule  prepared.  The  investigation  was  begun  in  February,  1912. 

More  than  4,000  schedules  were  distributed  among  working- 
men  thru  the  agency  of  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  and  Churches;  but 
altho  much  interest  in  the  study  was  manifested,  only  113  properly 
filled  out  schedules  were  returned,  and  these  were  considered  too 
few  in  number  to  serve  as  a  basis  for  any  general  conclusions. 

In  the  Fall  of  1912  the  Bureau  of  Social  Service  of  the  Home 
Mission  Board  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  became  interested  in  the 
study  and  agreed  to  engage  investigators  to  interview  workingmen 
in  order  to  secure  a  sufficient  number  willing  to  answer  the  questions. 
This  investigation  began  on  November  1st,  1912,  and  was  completed 
on  February  3rd,  1913. 

Schedules  to  the  number  of  868  were  returned  by  the  paid  in- 
vestigators. In  addition  31  schedules  were  obtained  as  the  result 
of  a  Workingmen's  Mass  Meeting  held  November  12th,  1912,  at 
the  Labor  Temple,  14th  Street  and  2nd  Avenue,  New  York  City. 
By  February  3rd,  1913,  1,012  schedules  had  been  secured  from 
New  York  City,  10  from  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  5  from  Utica,  N. 
Y.  After  the  tabulation  had  been  partly  completed  43  schedules 
were  received  from  other  cities  and  were  used  in  the  closing  part  of 
the  study  relating  to  Expenditure  of  Money.  Altogether,  1,070 
schedules  were  returned,  and  these  serve  as  a  basis  for  the  present 
study. 

The  tabulation  required  nearly  four  months  and  was  conducted 
by  the  author,  with  the  help  of  the  clerical  staff  of  the  Bureau  of 
Social  Service,  the  value  of  whose  assistance  is  gratefully  acknowl- 
edged. Mention  should  be  made  of  Emil  Frankel,  who  rendered 
valuable  aid  in  the  statistical  treatment  of  the  schedules,  and 
Charles  Stelzle,  Superintendent  of  the  Bureau  of  Social  Service, 
whose  advice  and  cooperation  made  possible  the  prosecution  of  the 
study. 


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THE  METHOD  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION 

IN  the  preface  to  this  study  the  origin  and  the  object  of  the  investi- 
gation have  been  set  forth,  as  likewise  the  season  of  the  year  and 
the  time  consumed  in  securing  the  data.  Before  entering  upon  a 
detailed  analysis  of  the  reports  an  account  is  given  of  the  method 
used,  in  order  that  a  better  understanding  of  the  tables  may  be  se- 
cured and  that  it  may  serve  as  a  guide  in  any  further  research  into 
the  use  of  leisure  time. 

THE  SCHEDULE 

As  mentioned  above,  the  questionnaire  plan  was  adopted. 
The  practical  trying  out  of  some  schedules  with  workingmen  aided 
in  the  elimination  of  unnecessary  ones.  (Copies  of  the  schedules 
used  are  given  in  the  appendix). 

Trial  schedules  were  endorsed  by  Samuel  Gompers,  President 
of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  by  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  New  York  Central  Federated  Union,  and  by  offi- 
cials in  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Labor. 

Permission  was  given  to  make  use  of  their  words  of  approval 
and  appeal  regarding  the  investigation  on  the  front  page  of  the 
schedule.  It  was  felt  that  the  endorsement  of  such  labor  leaders 
would  greatly  aid  in  winning  the  confidence  and  cooperation  of 
workingmen.  The  following  commendations  were  taken  from  letters 
received  and  printed  on  the  schedules: 

"I  have  looked  the  questions  over  and  I  think  they  are  excellent.  I  would 
like  for  the  replies  to  be  fully  made  by  every  man  of  labor.  If  I  had  the  opportu- 
nity I  would  like  personally  to  appeal  to  them  to  reply  as  fully  as  possible." 

SAMUEL   GOMPERS, 
President  American  Federation  of  Labor 

"We  heartily  approve  of  this  study  as  a  help  towards  bringing  about  a  uni- 
versal eight-hour  day,  and  we  earnestly  appeal  to  every  man  of  labor  to  answer 
the  questions  herein  given." 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE, 

Central  Federated  Union. 

"The  opportunity  is  here  given  for  workingmen  to  better  their  hours  of 
labor  and  hours  apart  from  labor  by  cooperating  in  this  much-needed  scientific 
investigation.  I  believe  that  all  broad-minded  workingmen  will  see  in  this  study 
a  means  for  improving  social  conditions  and  be  interested  enough  to  help  and  be 
helped."  JOHN  S.  WHALEN, 

Deputy  Commissioner  of  Labor. 

Five  thousand  schedules  were  printed.  Out  of  this  number  it 
was  hoped  that  one  thousand  would  be  properly  filled. 


1 0  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

PROCESS  OF  GATHERING  THE  DATA 

A  list  of  Trades  Unions  was  secured  from  the  State  Depart- 
ment of  Labor.  Credentials  were  given  to  the  chief  investigator  by 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Central  Federated  Union  enabling 
him  to  enter  any  Union  with  the  study.  On  February  23,  1912,  the 
first  Labor  Union  was  visited,  and  by  March  21,  1912,  over  four 
thousand  schedules  had  been  distributed  among  forty-five  unions. 

Varied  were  the  experiences  in  visiting  the  different  Unions. 
Cutters  and  Trimmers,  Derrickmen  and  Riggers,  Cigar  Makers, 
Bartenders,  Letter  Carriers,  Stone  Masons,  Longshoremen,  Laundry- 
men,  etc.,  all  responded  to  the  Credentials  and  gave  closest  attention 
and  applause,  after  the  purpose  of  the  Study  of  Workingmen's 
Spare  Time  had  been  presented.  Pointed  questions  were  frequently 
asked  as  to,  "Who  is  back  of  the  study?"  "What  capitalistic  scheme 
is  this?"  "Why  not  investigate  the  employers  and  see  how  they 
spend  their  spare  time?"  etc.,  and  on  several  occasions  fiery  speeches 
were  made  by  radical  members. 

The  majority  of  the  Labor  Unions  visited,  however,  were  most 
cordial  and  sympathetic  to  the  study.  It  was  explained  that  the 
method  was  a  Benjamin  Franklin  idea  of  a  daily  diary  and  that 
after  the  schedule  had  been  filled  out  each  day  for  a  week  it  was 
to  be  returned  to  the  secretary  of  the  Union,  from  whom  it  would 
be  collected.  Several  weeks  elapsed  and  close  touch  was  kept  with 
the  different  secretaries  thru  visits  and  correspondence,  but  their 
reply  was  almost  invariably  the  same,  "Very  sorry,  but  none  or 
only  a  few  schedules  have  been  returned."  Then  it  became  evident 
that  because  of  indifference,  forgetfulness,  ignorance,  misunder- 
standing, or  suspicion  the  returns  to  be  expected  from  these  sources 
would  be  smalK 

Political  Clubs,  Settlements,  and  Churches  were  also  visited 
in  the  interest  of  the  study.  Here,  too,  the  returns  were  meager. 
In  the  Political  Clubs  the  same  difficulties  arose  as  in  the  Labor 
Unions;  the  Settlements  had  mainly  as  their  constituency  boys 
under  twenty-one  years  of  age;  the  Churches,  men  who  could  not 
be  taken  as  the  average  type  of  workingmen. 

In  the  end  only  one  hundred  and  thirteen  schedules,  properly 
filled,  were  received  from  volunteers. 

While  waiting  for  the  returns  from  the  above  sources,  schedules 
and  letters  of  explanation  were  sent  to  two  hundred  Social  Workers, 
Labor  Leaders,  and  Professors  thruout  the  country  with  the  request 
that  they  fill  out  the  fourth  page  of  the  schedule,  viz.,  "What  sug- 


METHOD  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION  1 1 

gestion  can  you  offer  for  improving  the  use  of  Workingmen's  Spare 
Time?"  Their  answers,  while  encouraging  the  study,  had  little 
definite  value,  emphasizing  the  fact  that  mere  opinions  and  not  sta- 
tistics are  authority  for  judgments  concerning  the  ways  spare  time 
is  spent. 

Having  only  the  one  hundred  and  thirteen  schedules  filled,  it 
appeared  necessary,  therefore,  if  a  thousand  questionnaires  were  to  be 
obtained,  to  hire  investigators,  who  should  give  their  time  to  secure 
the  desired  information.  At  this  juncture  the  Bureau  of  Social  Ser- 
vice of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions  agreed  to  finance 
the  prosecution  of  the  investigation.  For  every  schedule  properly 
filled  out  the  agreement  was  made  that  fifteen  cents  should  be  paid. 
Five  thousand  schedules  were  again  printed. 

INVESTIGATORS 

Special  investigators  were  carefully  chosen,  largely  from  the 
Senior  Class  in  Sociology  of  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
and  from  Columbia  University.  In  all  there  were  thirty  picked  men 
as  paid  investigators,  ten  of  whom  did  over  three-fourths  of  the 
work.  These  men  were  chiefly  persons  who  either  possessed  a  per- 
sonal acquaintance  with  the  class  of  men  interviewed  or  who  had 
had  experience  in  similar  social  work.  The  following  instructions 
were  given  to  the  investigators. 

GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS 

1.  Interview  any  grade  of  workingmen,  the  only  exception  being  the  man  who 

does  no  work  or  who  has  retired.    All  nationalities  are  eligible,  native  or 
foreign.  ^    , 

2.  Interview  men  who  go  to  saloons  and  waste  their  timers  well  as  those  who 

use  their  time  wisely. 

3.  Realize  the  value  of  the  study  you  are  making.    It  is  pioneer  work,  for  there 

are  no  statistics  on  how  spare  time  is  spent. 

4.  Before  approaching  a  workingman,  know  what  you  are  going  to  say  in  order 

not  to  receive  the  rebuff,  that  it  is  none  of  your  business  how  he  spends  his 
spare  time. 

5.  Make  your  own  plan.     The  following  is  suggestive: 

a.  State  that  there  are  wage  statistics,  insurance,  rents  and  family  budgets 

in  large  numbers,  but  no  statistics  as  to  how  spare  time  is  spent. 

b.  That  reforms  come  only  thru  a  knowledge  of  facts  and  that  this  is  a  study 

of  a  thousand  men,  from  which  to  draw  scientific  conclusions  to  arouse 
the  State,  City,  Employer,  and  Church  to  provide  more  night  schools, 
social  centres,  men's  clubs,  public  lectures  and  concerts  for  the  improved 
use  of  leisure  hours. 


1 2  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

c.  You  might  state  that  President  Gompers  and  noted  Labor  Leaders  and 
Social  Workers  have  given  their  hearty  approval,  and  have  appealed  to 
workingmen  to  answer  the  questions,  as  no  harm  can  possibly  come  to 
a  man  by  so  doing. 

6.  Clinch  the  argument  by  stating  that  the  name  is  not  wanted,  hence  the  an- 

swers are  purely  impersonal. 

7.  You  must  secure  the  confidence  and  interest  of  the  man  before  attempting  to 

get  him  to  answer  the  questions. 

SPECIAL  INSTRUCTIONS 

1.  Fill  the  schedule  out  yourself,  with  pen,  while  talking  to  the  workingman. 

2.  Turn  to  the  third  page  first,  without  fail,  as  it  is  the  most  important  and  will 

make  it  easier  to  proceed  with  the  rest  of  the  schedule. 

3.  Remember  that  it  is  the  Distribution  of  Time  during  the  Past  Seven  Days. 
NOTE. — The  first  three  sections  are  easy  to  fill.   The  fourth  and  fifth  are  the 

most  important. 

4.  Begin  with  the  day  and  column  on  which  you  interview  a  man  and  ask  him 

to  recall  the  number  of  hours  he  has  spent  at  the  different  social  and  other 
agencies  enumerated. 

5.  Go  over  the  list  carefully  with  him  for  the  past  seven  days  and  make  careful 

note  of  the  number  of  hours  each  day  that  he  has  spent  in  any  one  or  more 
of  the  ways  specified. 

6.  Leave  space  blank  when  he  did  not  go  to  any  of  the  places. 

7.  Only  figures  are  of  value  for  this  study;  do  not  write,  "All  I  can,"  etc. 

8.  After  making  him  think  over  the  seven  days  just  passed,  ask  him,  if  the  items 

are  not  daily  or  weekly  occurrences,  to  state  how  often  they  occur  or  how 
many  hours  are  given  to  them  per  month. 

9.  Turn  next  to  the  first  and  second  pages  and  make  certain  that  you  receive 

full  and  honest  answers. 

10.  Get  complete  returns  on  Page  2,  what  he  "usually"  does  with  his  spare  time, 

as  on  Page  3  you  have  what  he  actually  did  during  seven  days. 

11.  Page  4  is  for  suggestions  from  workingmen — if  they  have  any  to  make. 

12.  Always  reserve  a  space  for  yourself  to  indicate,  after  you  have  left  the  man, 

the  type  he  represents,  or  some  side  lights  on  his  personality  which  the 

questions  do  not  bring  out. 

NOTE. — This  will  be  exceedingly  valuable,  for  you  will  become  deeply  in- 
terested in  the  man  and  will  know  more  after  your  conversation  with 
him  than  just  what  the  schedule  calls  for.  You  might  state  how  you 
think  his  spare  time  could  be  used  to  better  advantage. 

13.  Do  not  leave  the  man  until  you  feel  that  you  have  a  complete  picture  of  how 

he  actually  spends  his  time. 

14.  Give  the  street  on  which  the  workingman  lives,  but  not  his  name. 

15.  Sign  your  own  name  as  investigator,  and  your  address. 

16.  Give  date  and  city,  and  return  without  delay. 

17.  Remuneration,  fifteen  cents  a  copy  for  each  schedule  properly  filled  out. 

THE  INVESTIGATORS'  EXPERIENCES 

The  relationship  between  the  head  investigator  and  those  en- 
gaged in  the  work  was  most  intimate  in  character. 


METHOD  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION  13 

The  schedules  returned  were  closely  examined  with  the  diff- 
erent investigators,  and  additional  personal  touches  elicited  re- 
garding the  various  men  interviewed.  From  the  reports  given,  the 
interviews  with  the  workingmen  averaged  half  an  hour,  although 
in  many  cases  the  same  investigators  would  become  deeply  inter- 
ested in  the  men  and  talk  for  over  an  hour.  Only  in  a  few  instances 
was  the  questionnaire  considered  to  be  too  personal  and  informa- 
tion refused.  The  fact  that  the  name  was  not  required  at  once  dis- 
armed the  workingmen  of  unwillingness  and  suspicion,  while  the 
purpose  of  the  inquiry  enlisted  their  interest  and  support. 

THE  MEN  INTERVIEWED 

The  men  whom  the  investigators  interviewed  represent  one 
hundred  and  sixty-four  different  Trades,  ranging  in  salary  from 
"Under  $10.00"  to  "$35.00  and  over"  per  week.  Several  of  the  in- 
vestigators could  speak  different  languages,  and  the  effort  was  made 
to  secure  an  equal  number  of  schedules  from  the  leading  nation- 
alities in  different  parts  of  the  city.  When  the  number  of  schedules 
for  any  one  group  was  seen  to  be  getting  too  large,  the  investigators 
were  asked  to  seek  other  nationalities.  In  all,  twenty-nine  nation- 
ality groups  were  reported,  but  owing  to  race  kinship  and  proximity 
of  countries  it  was  possible  to  classify  the  schedules  under  seven 
general  nationality  groupings  for  tabulation  purposes.  (See  appen- 
dix) .  Both  single  and  married  men  over  seventeen  years  of  age  were 
interviewed,  but  emphasis  was  placed  upon  securing  married  men 
between  twenty-five  and  thirty-five  years  of  age,  as  they  were  be- 
lieved to  represent  the  normal  type  of  workingmen.  It  was  natural 
that  in  many  cases  the  men  interviewed  were  fathers,  brothers,  and 
friends  of  the  investigators.  Some  of  the  investigators  visited  clubs 
where  they  had  acquaintances,  thru  whom  they  met  other  members 
who  were  willing  to  give  the  desired  information.  The  one  thousand 
and  sixty-five  men  whose  leisure  hours  and  expenditures  of  money 
for  specified  purposes  (motion  pictures,  etc.,)  are  compared  in  the 
tables  have  been  classified  according  to  Hours  of  Labor,  Occupa- 
tion, Single  or  Married,  Age,  Nationality  and  Wage  Groups. 

THE  PROBABLE  ACCURACY  OF  THE  RETURNS 

No  infallibility  is  claimed  for  the  accuracy  of  the  hours  and 
money  expenditures  made  by  the  thousand  men,  tho  the  returns 
reveal  much  care  on  the  part  of  the  investigators  and  those  inter- 
viewed. It  would  have  been  ideal  and  more  valuable  if  a  smaller 


1 4  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

group  of  men  had  agreed  to  systematically  keep  an  exact  account 
of  hours  and  expenditure  of  money  during  one  week.  But  as  was 
evidenced  in  the  case  of  volunteers,  such  a  plan  was  not  feasible. 

The  designation  of  places  attended  or  activities  engaged  in  was 
probably  more  accurate  than  the  number  of  hours  reported.  The 
number  of  hours  given  must  have  been  a  rough  guess  or  calculation 
of  the  average  amount  of  time  usually  spent,  since  no  stop-watch 
mechanism  had  registered  the  duration  of  any  of  the  visits.  Never- 
theless, altho  some  men  overstated  the  amount  of  time,  others  no 
doubt  understated  it,  so  it  is  probable  the  exaggerations  would  have 
a  tendency  to  counterbalance  one  another. 

Fortunately,  the  investigators  interviewed  workingmen  who 
by  their  answers  manifested  good  faith  and  represented  a  normal 
type;  while  in  taking  the  schedules,  singly  or  collectively,  the  por- 
traiture of  a  man's  life  is  clearly  indicated. 

The  voluntary  response  from  the  Labor  Unions  probably  came 
from  the  more  educated  workingmen,  whereas  the  paid  investiga- 
tors were  able  to  interview  not  only  such  men,  but  also  the  unedu- 
cated and  those  who  would  not  take  time  to  write  down  answers  for 
themselves. 

The  difference  between  Schedules  I  and  II  was  simply  a  matter 
of  additional  questions.  But  the  questions  added  could  be  answered 
by  "yes"  or  "no,"  with  the  exception  of  the  questions  which  asked 
the  amount  of  money  contributed  to  the  church  and  for  life  in- 
surance, and  ways  found  most  profitable  to  spend  spare  time. 
Hence,  in  tabulating  "Yes"  and  "No"  answers,  only  Schedule  II 
was  enumerated. 

In  the  selection  of  schedules  for  tabulation,  as  to  the  number 
of  hours  spent  at  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies,  221  sched- 
ules were  eliminated  due  to  indefiniteness  in  answer  to  one  or  more 
questions,  tho  the  number  of  hours  for  the  other  questions  was 
given.  To  a  question  asking  for  hours  such  answers  as  "Some 
times,"  "All  my  spare  time,"  "Whenever  I  get  a  chance,"  "Occa- 
sionally," would  throw  out  of  proportion  the  hours  already  given, 
making  any  true  relation  between  them  scientifically  inaccurate. 

It  is  believed,  however,  that  from  the  800  men  thus  selected 
and  grouped  in  certain  significant  classifications,  striking  indications 
may  be  made  of  the  ways  spare  time  is  used.  Further  studies  of  this 
character  with  a  larger  number  of  men  may  corroborate  or  correct 
the  facts  here  given.  It  is  hoped  that  this  investigation  will  aid 
those  interested  in  improving  the  use  of  workingmen's  spare  time. 


METHOD  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION  15 

/.     THE  PROCESS  OF  TABULATION 

The  total  number  of  schedules  received  was  1,070,  of  which 
1,012  were  from  New  York  City.  The  distribution  of  source  is  as 
follows : 

From  New  York  Labor  Unions  and  Volunteers 113 

From  Labor  Temple  Meeting 31 

From  Paid  Agents 868 

From  Rochester  and  Utica,  New  York 15 

Total 1,027 

From  other  cities  after  the  tabulation  had  begun 43 

Total 1,070 

From  the  total  only  5  schedules  were  rejected  as  obviously 
inaccurate  for  any  use  whatsoever;  221  schedules  were  eliminated 
in  the  tabulation  of  hours  spent  at  various  social  and  other  agencies 
owing  to  indefinite  answers.  Accordingly,  806  schedules  were  used 
in  the  comparison  of  men  arranged  respectively  in  their  Occupa- 
tion, Hours  of  Labor,  Single  and  Married  Groups;  807  were  used 
in  the  comparison  of  Age  Groups ;  809  were  used  in  the  comparison 
of  Nationality  Groups;  805  were  used  in  the  comparison  of  Wage 
Groups. 

In  the  tabulation  of  expenditures  of  money  for  "motion  pic- 
tures, theatres,  beer,  etc.,"  the  221  schedules  eliminated  from  the 
comparison  of  hours  spent  at  "labor  unions,  clubs,  etc.,"  could  be 
included;  and  this  made  the  number  1,022  for  use  in  the  Expendi- 
ture tables. 

For  tabulation  of  what  the  men  usually  did  from  "supper  until 
bed  time;  on  Saturday  afternoon,  etc.,"  the  extra  schedules  that 
came  in  were  added  to  the  others  already  used,  making  a  total  of 
1,065  for  comparison  in  the  final  tables. 

The  first  step  in  the  tabulation  was  to  group  the  schedules  into 
trades  of  a  similar  character  and  number  them  consecutively.  163 
different  trades  were  found,  and  they  were  classified  under  nine 
general  Occupation  Groups,  following  the  classification  used  by  the 
Thirteenth  Census  of  the  United  States:  "Professional  and  Public 
Service,  Domestic  and  Personal  Service,  Clerical,  Transportation, 
Merchants  and  Dealers,  Building  Trades,  Metal  Trades,  Textile 
and  Miscellaneous." 

Retaining  the  classification  of  the  nine  Occupation  Groups 
thruout  the  study,  the  schedules  were  separated  for  each  group  into 
men  working  from  8-9,  9-10,  10-11,  11  hours  and  over,  per  day. 


1 6  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

Percentages  for  the  number  of  hours  of  leisure,  the  number  of  men 
reporting  ways  of  spending  spare  time,  and  the  most  popular  means 
of  spending  spare  time  (see  Statistical  Method  for  obtaining  per- 
centages) are  given  in  the  tables  under  the  following  headings. 


1.  Hour  Groups. 

2.  Occupation  Groups. 

3.  Single  and  Married  Men  Groups. 

4.  Age  Groups. 

5.  Nationality  Groups. 

6.  Wage  Groups. 

II 

Percentages  are  given  for  the  different  ways  in  which  men  usually  spend 
their  time,  from  supper  until  bed  time,  on  Saturday  afternoons,  on  Sundays,  on 
holidays,  and  ways  thought  most  profitable  for  spending  spare  time. 

Ill 

Percentages  are  given  for  the  answers  received  to  the  following  questions: 

1.  Where  do  you  eat  at  noon  (restaurant,  home,  saloon,  or  place  of  work)? 

2.  Do  you  drink  liquor  before  going  to  work? 
Do  you  drink  liquor  at  the  noon  hour? 

3.  Do  you  have  a  vacation? 

4.  Do  you  take  your  recreation  with  or  without  your  family? 

5.  Are  you  a  member  of  a  labor  union? 
(Percentages  given  for  Occupation  Groups  only) 

IV 

1.  Percentages  are  given  for  men  answering  "Yes"  and  "No"  to  the  question, 
Are  there  Night  Schools,  Men's  Clubs,  Social  Centres,  or  Public  Lectures  in  your 
neighborhood? 

2.  Percentages  are  given  for  men  answering  "Yes"  and  "No"  to  the  question, 
Is  there  a  separate  place  provided  in  the  shop  where  you  may  eat  at  noon? 

3.  Percentages  are  given  for  the  men  grouped  according  to  the  different  Re- 
ligious Faiths. 

V 

Percentages  are  given  for  the  expenditure  of  money  for  "motion  pictures, 
beer,  etc.,"  under  the  following  headings: 

1.  Hour  Groups. 

2.  Occupation  Groups. 

3.  Wage  Groups. 

VI 

The  average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  for  "motion  pictures,  beer,  etc.," 
is  given  for  Hour  Groups  and  Wage  Groups. 


METHOD  OF  THE  INVESTIGATION  17 

IL     THE  STA TISTICAL  METHOD 

In  the  statistical  treatment  of  the  reports  of  men  received  the 
object  has  been  to  show  the  relation  which  exists  between  Hours  of 
Labor  and  Occupation  on  the  one  hand  and  the  use  of  spare  time 
and  the  expenditure  of  money  for  certain  purposes  on  the  other. 
To  accomplish  this  object  percentages  of  the  returns  have  been 
calculated  in  all  cases  except  two,  where  the  average  was  taken  of 
expenditures  of  money  in  certain  hour  groups  and  wage  groups  to 
bring  out  more  fully  specific  comparisons. 

1.  The  percentage  of  men  was  found  in  each  case  by  taking  the  number 
reporting  for  any  one  item  and  getting  its  proportion  to  the  total  number  of  men 
in  each  group. 

2.  The  percentage  of  the  popularity  of  the  different  social  and  other  agencies 
was  calculated  by  comparing  the  number  of  times  each  agency  was  chosen  with 
the  total  number  of  choices  made. 

3.  The  percentage  of  spare  time  was  calculated  by  getting  the  proportion 
of  the  time  spent  at  each  of  the  social  and  other  agencies  to  the  total  amount  of 
time  spent  at  all  of  the  agencies. 

4.  The  percentage  of  expenditure  of  money  was  calculated  by  comparing 
the  proportion  of  money  spent  for  each  of  the  specified   purposes  to  the  total 
expenditure  for  all  purposes. 

5.  The  percentage  of  the  popularity  of  the  different  items  (motion  pictures, 
beer,  etc.,)  in  the  expenditure  of  money  was  obtained  by  comparing  the  number 
of  times  each  item  was  chosen  with  the  total  number  of  choices  made. 

6.  The  average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  for  motion  pictures,  beer, 
etc.,  was  calculated  by  dividing  the  total  expenditure  for  each  specified  purpose 
by  the  number  of  men  in  the  different  hour  groups  and  the  different  wage 
groups. 


I 

THE  RELATION  OF  HOURS  OF  LABOR  TO  THE 
USE  OF  SPARE  TIME 

IN  the  study  of  leisure  hours  the  percentages  given  in  Tables  1  to  4 
form  a  picture  of  the  ways  806  men  reported  spending  their 
spare  time.  The  men  were  grouped  according  to  their  different  hours 
of  labor:  8-9,  9-10,  10-11,  11  hours  and  over,  per  day. 

Table  1  shows  the  comparison  within  the  Hour  Groups  of  the 
numbers  of  men  reporting  at  the  various,  social  and  other  agencies. 

Table  2  compares  the  popularity  of  the  different  social  and 
other  agencies  according  to  the  Hours  of  Labor,  as  determined  by 
the  number  of  visits  or  choices  made  by  the  men. 

Table  3  shows  the  percentage  of  time  spent  by  men  in  the  differ- 
ent Hour  Groups  at  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies. 

TABLE  I    - 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  ac- 
cording to  specified  Hours  of  Labor. 


8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

11  and  over 

Number  of  men 

289 

2C7 

128 

132 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union 

39  4 

24  8 

16  4 

8  3 

58  1 

44  7 

35  9 

26  5 

Church  or  Synagogue 

51  9 

51  0 

52  3 

50  0 

Public  Lectures 

32  2 

26  4 

16  4 

5  3 

Art  Galleries. 

8  7 

7  7 

3  9 

7 

Library 

14  5 

15  1 

10  1 

2  2 

Private  Study 

16  3 

14  3 

14  8 

3  0 

Night  School 

6  2 

10  8 

9  4 

3  0 

Motion  Pictures  

55  0 

63  0 

64  0 

57.5 

Theatres 

56  7 

44  3 

39  0 

24  2 

Dance  

25  0 

14  3 

13  2 

9.0 

Saloon 

31  1 

31  1 

32  8 

28  7 

Pool 

14  9 

10  1 

13  2 

8  3 

Cards  

37  0 

30  7 

36  7 

44.6 

With  Family 

82  0 

76  2 

78  1 

81  0 

Newspaper  

96  2 

93  3 

92  1 

78.7 

Magazine 

31  1 

22  5 

15  6 

19  6 

Books  
Friends  

40.8 
78.9 

33.0 
79.7 

22.6 
79.6 

17.4 
67.4 

HOURS   PER  DAY 


In  Table  I  it  will  be  observed  that  the  largest  number  of  men 
reporting  spare  time  spent  at  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  and  Lodges, 
Public  Lectures,  Art  Galleries,  Theatres,  Dances,  Newspapers,  and 
Books,  are  in  the  8-9  hour  group.  As  the  hours  of  labor  increase, 
the  percentage  of  men  diminishes  at  these  social  and  other  agencies 
in  a  regular  curve. 

Further,  with  Private  Study,  Pool,  Family  and  Magazine,  the 
highest  percentage  is  likewise  in  the  8-9  hour  group,  the  curve  being 
slightly  irregular  as  the  number  diminishes  with  the  groups  work- 
ing a  greater  number  of  hours. 

19 


20 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


On  the  contrary,  at  the  Church  and  Synagogue,  Motion  Picture 
and  Saloon,  the  10-11  hour  men  lead  in  largest  attendance;  while  at 
the  Library,  Night  School,  and  Visiting  Friends,  the  9-10  hour  men 
are  the  most  studious  and  friendly.  Men  in  the  11  hour  and  over 
group  play  Cards  more  than  any  other  group,  and,  tho  in  numbers 
the  8-9  hour  men  are  second,  yet  in  the  amount  of  spare  time  spent 
playing  Cards,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Saloon  (see  Table  3),  the  8-9 
hour  group  has  the  smallest  percentage. 


TABLE  2 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  was  used  by  men  in  each  Hour 
Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or 
choices  of  the  specified  social  and  other 
agencies 


HOURS  I 

>ER   DAY 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

LI  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  

5.1 

4.1 

2.5 

1.6 

Clubs  or  Lodges 

7  5 

6  4 

5  6 

4.9 

Church  or  Synagogue  

6.7 

7.2 

8.1 

9.3 

Public  Lectures                                                      .     ... 

4  1 

3  8 

2.5 

1.0 

Art  Galleries 

1  i 

1  i 

6 

.1 

Library  

1  9 

2  2 

1.6 

.4 

Private  Study  .  . 

2.1 

2.1 

2.3 

.6 

Night  School  .    .              ... 

.8 

1.6 

1.4 

.6 

Motion  Pictures 

7  1 

9  0 

9  9 

10.7 

Theatre  

7.3 

6.4 

6.0 

4.5 

Dance.  . 

3  2 

2  1 

2.1 

1.7 

Saloon.  .  . 

4.0 

4.5 

5.1 

5.4 

Pool  

1  9 

1.5 

2.0 

1.6 

Cards. 

4  8 

4  4 

5  7 

8.3 

With  Family  . 

10  6 

10  9 

12.1 

15.1 

Newspaper 

12  4 

13  4 

14  3 

14.7 

Magazine  

4  0 

3.2 

2.4 

3.7 

Books 

5  3 

4  7 

3  5 

3.2 

Friends  

10.1 

11.4 

12.3 

12.6 

In  Table  2  each  man's  spare  time  was  spent  in  more  than  one 
way.  For  example,  a  man  would  say  that  he  spent  2  hours  at  the 
Labor  Union,  1  hour  at  Public  Lectures,  and  2  hours  at  the  Theatre 
during  the  week.  In  adding  the  number  of  men  at  these  different 
places,  one  man  would  be  counted  several  times. 

This  table  therefore  shows  the  percentage  of  the  choices  and 
visits  of  the  men  at  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  and  indi- 
cates their  relative  popularity.  The  total  frequencies  enlarged  the 
base  from  which  the  percentage  was  derived  and  hence  makes  the 
curve  more  regular  and  the  comparisons  more  interesting. 

The  popularity  of  Motion  Pictures  and  Cards  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  Saloon,  having  the  highest  attendance  from  the  groups  of  men 
working  the  greatest  number  of  hours.  Tho  in  Table  1  the  actual 
number  of  men  stating  that  they  go  to  Church  is  51.9%  in  the  8-9 


Of 


HOURS  OF  LABOR  AND  SPARE  TIME  21 

hour  group  and  50.0%  in  the  11  hour  and  over  group,  yet  the  fre- 
quency of  attendance  of  the  1  1  hour  and  over  group  is  greater,  being 
9.3%,  as  compared  to  6.7%  for  the  8-9  hour  group. 

In  enumerating  those  agencies  which  are  more  popular  in  at- 
tendance on  the  part  of  8-9  hour  men  in  contrast  to  those  working 
a  greater  number  of  hours,  the  following  may  be  mentioned  — 
Clubs  and  Lodges,  Theatres,  Books,  Labor  Union,  Public  Lectures, 
Magazines,  Dances,  and  Art  Galleries. 

The  popularity  of  the  various  ways  of  spending  spare  time  for 
men  working  the  same  number  of  hours,  aside  from  the  three  lead- 
ing items  which  are  the  same  for  all  Hour  Groups  —  namely,  News- 
paper, Family  and  Friends  —  is  indicated  by  the  following  six  lead- 
ing agencies  arranged  for  the  different  Hour  Groups: 

Percentages  by  Daily  Hours  of  Labor 


8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11  and  over 

7.5  Club  
7  3  Theatre. 

9.0  Motion  Pictures.. 
7  2  Church 

9.9  Motion  Pictures 
8  1  Church  

10.7  Motion  Pictures 
9.3  Church 

7  .  1  Motion  Pictures  .  . 

6  4  Club  

6  .  0  Theatre  

8.3  Cards 

6  7  Church. 

6  4  Theatre 

5  7  Cards  . 

5  4  Saloon 

5.3  Books  

4.7  Books  

5.6  Club  

4.9  Club 

5  .  1  Labor  Unions  .... 

4.5  Saloon  

5.1  Saloon  

4.5  Theatre 

It  will  be  noticed  that  Books  decrease  and  Cards  and  Saloon 
increase  in  popularity  with  men  working  the  greatest  number  of 
hours. 

TABLE  3 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  by  men  working 
according  to  specified  Hours  of  Labor 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

11  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  

1  8 

1  5 

7 

6 

Clubs  or  Lodges 

5  7 

3  5 

2  6 

1  9 

Church  or  Synagogue.          .  .          ...                  ... 

1  9 

2  3 

2  7 

2  0 

Public  Lectures 

1  4 

1  4 

9 

4 

Art  Galleries  

2 

3 

1 

* 

Library 

9 

1  2 

8 

1 

Private  Study  

2  1 

2  2 

2  9 

2 

Night  School 

9 

1  9 

1  8 

6 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatres  . 

3.7 
3  4 

5.0 
2  7 

5.5 
2  3 

5.1 
1  9 

Dance  

2.0 

1.0 

1.0 

.4 

Saloon  

2  6 

4  3 

5  6 

4  2 

Pool 

3 

7 

1  5 

1  8 

Cards  

3  6 

4  0 

6  1 

8.5 

With  Family 

41  1 

40  8 

41  9 

45  8  - 

Newspapers  

15  3 

15.0 

13.8 

16.7 

Magazines..  . 

2  1 

1  3 

1  0 

1  6 

Books. 

3  5 

3  3 

2  0 

2  2 

Friends  

7.0 

7.6 

6.8 

6.0 

HOURS   PER   DAY 


*Less  than  1-10  of  1% 


22  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

Table  3  brings  out  more  clearly  the  contrast  between  men  work- 
ing according  to  different  Hours  of  Labor.  The  amount  of  spare 
time  spent  per  man  varies  with  the  Hours  of  Labor.  Tho  the  number 
of  men  in  the  different  Hour  Groups  may  be  the  same  for  any  one 
item  (as  in  Table  1),  yet  the  proportion  of  time  spent  by  the  differ- 
ent Groups  varies.  For  example,  the  number  of  men  reporting 
having  attended  the  Saloon  was  the  same  in  the  8-9  and  9-10  hour 
groups  (see  Table  1),  yet  the  spare  time  spent  by  the  8-9  hour  group 
is  2.6%,  whereas  the  9-10  hour  men  report  4.3%  and  the  10-11  hour 
men  5.6%.  The  smallest  group  of  men  in  the  11  hour  and  over  class 
spent  more  time  at  the  Saloon  than  the  8-9  hour  group,  and  so  the 
actual  number  of  hours  spent  by  each  man  is  still  greater  in  pro- 
portion. 

Likewise,  with  Cards  the  number  of  men  stating  that  they  play 
cards  was  larger  in  the  8-9  hour  group  than  in  the  10-11  hour  group, 
yet  the  amount  of  spare  time  spent  playing  Cards  by  the  8-9  hour 
men  was  less  than  all  other  Hour  Groups,  being  3.6%  as  compared 
to  6.1%  for  the  10-11  hour  group  and  8.5%  for  the  11  hour  and  over 
group. 

This  indicates  a  more  selective  process  with  the  8-9  hour  men — 
a  distribution  of  their  spare  time  within  a  larger  range  of  interests. 

Taking  the  total  percentage  within  each  Hour  Group  as  100%, 
more  spare  time  is  spent  by  the  8-9  hour  men  at  Clubs  and  Lodges, 
Books,  Theatres,  Dances,  Labor  Unions  and  Public  Lectures  than 
that  spent  by  men  working  a  greater  number  of  hours.  As  the 
hours  of  labor  increase,  more  spare  time  is  spent  by  men  with 
Family,  Cards,  Saloon,  Motion  Pictures,  Church,  and  Pool,  The 
11  hour  and  over  men  spend  more  spare  time  than  the  other  Hour 
Groups  with  the  Family,  Newspaper,  Cards.  At  the  Saloon,  the  1 1 
hour  and  over  men  have  a  percentage  of  4.2%,  while  the  8-9  hour 
men  report  2.6%. 


II 


THE  RELATION  OF  OCCUPATION  TO  THE  USE 
OF  SPARE  TIME 

OUT  of  806  men  who  reported  time  spent  at  various  social  and 
other  agencies,  this  table  shows  the  percentage  of  men, 
grouped  according  to  specified  Occupations.  The  following  exam- 
ples are  given  of  the  way  in  which  the  table  can  be  used.  Public 
Lectures  have  the  largest  number  of  men  from  the  Clerical  Group, 
being  36.2%;  Professionals  are  second,  having  34.9%;  Metal  Trades 
third,  reporting  26.3%  of  men.  The  smallest  group,  6.6%,  is  that 
of  Merchants  and  Dealers. 

TABLE  4 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  in  speci- 
fied Occupation  Groups 


Professional 
and  Public 
Service  | 

Domestic  and 
Personal 
Service 

j 

Transportation 

Merchants 
and  Dealers 

Building 
Trades 

Metal  Trades 

Textiles 

oo 
1 

Number  of  men      

40 

72 

135 

x 

no 

76 

113 

757 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union 

10  0 

5  5 

1  6 

16  6 

60.9 

46.0 

45.1 

28  0 

Clubs  or  Lodges  

47.4 

16.6 

54.8 

30.5 

33.3 

57.2 

57.8 

58.4 

35.6 

Church  or  Synagogue       .    .  . 

32  4 

49  9 

44  4 

45  8 

66  6 

56.3 

63.1 

60.1 

45.8 

Public  Lectures 

34  9 

9  7 

36  2 

6  9 

6  6 

21  8 

26  3 

25  6 

24  8 

Art  Galleries  

14  9 

2.7 

10.3 

3.3 

6.3 

2.6 

8.8 

5.7 

Librarv 

19  9 

2  7 

23  7 

2  7 

3  3 

7  2 

4  4 

11  5 

15  9 

Private  Study  
Night  School 

30.0 
5  0 

5.5 
5  5 

24.4 
14  0 

6.9 
1  3 

6.6 
6  6 

7.2 
3  6 

14.4 
11  8 

12.3 

9  7 

11.4 
6  3 

Motion  Pictures  

57.4 

65.2 

62.9 

58.3 

53.3 

56.3 

65.7 

56.6 

57.3 

Theatres 

50  0 

31  9 

65  9 

36  1 

43  3 

42.7 

46  0 

46  0 

37.5 

Dance  

19.9 

12.4 

31.1 

19.4 

3.3 

15.4 

10.5 

11.5 

16.5 

Saloon 

17  4 

38  8 

16  2 

56  9 

36  6 

41.8 

40  7 

9.7 

34.3 

Pool 

14  9 

16  6 

17  0 

20  8 

3  3 

6  3 

15  7 

7  0 

8  2 

Cards  

44  9 

44  4 

35  5 

34  7 

56  6 

30.9 

30  2 

44.2 

28.6 

With  Family 

80  0 

72  2 

77  7 

77  7 

96  6 

83  6 

77  6 

81  4 

77  7 

Newspaper  

97  4 

74  9 

93  3 

87  4 

76.6 

99.0 

94.7 

96.4 

91.7 

Magazine 

27  4 

19  4 

38  5 

18  0 

16  6 

21  8 

23  6 

11  5 

28  0 

Books  

34  9 

15  2 

46.6 

15.2 

19.9 

25.4 

35.5 

32.7 

36.9 

Friends  

77.4 

65.2 

81.4 

59.7 

66.6 

83.6 

76.3 

80.5 

79.6 

Night  Schools  also  claim  the  largest  number  of  men  from  the 
Clerical  Group,  being  14.0%;  Metal  Trades  11.8%;  Textiles  9.7%; 
and  Transportation,  the  lowest,  1.3%. 

Thus  at  a  glance  from  right  to  left,  the  table  shows  which  Oc- 
cupations report  the  greatest  number  of  men  for  any  of  the  speci- 
fied social  and  other  agencies. 

23 


24 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  5 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  was  used  by  men  in  each  Occupa- 
tion Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or 
choices  of  the  specified  social  and  other 
agencies 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

Professional  and 
Public  Service 

Domestic 
and  Personal 
Service  || 

13 

Transportation 

Merchants 
and  Dealers 

Building 
Trades 

Metal  Trades 

H 

Miscellaneous 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union                             .  . 

1.4 

1.0 

.2 

2.8 

8.4 

6.2 

6.4 

4 

Clubs  or  Lodges  

6.6 

3.0 

7.1 

4.9 

5.6 

7.9 

7.7 

8.2 

5 

Church  or  Synagogue  
Public  Lecture 

4.5 
4.9 

8.8 
1.8 

5.7 
4.7 

7.7 
1.2 

11.1 
1.1 

7.7 
3.0 

8.5 
3.5 

8.5 
3.6 

6 
3 

Art  Galleries 

2  1 

.5 

1.3 

.6 

.9 

.4 

1.3 

Library                        

2.8 

.5 

3.1 

.4 

.6 

1.0 

1.1 

1.6 

2 

Private  Study 

4.2 

1.0 

3.2 

1.7 

1.1 

1.0 

1.9 

1.7 

1 

Night  School  

.7 

1.0 

1.8 

.2 

1.1 

.5 

1.6 

1.4 

1 

Motion  Pictures 

8.0 

11.8 

8.1 

9.8 

8.9 

7.7 

8.8 

8.0 

8 

Theatre  

7.0 

5.8 

8.5 

6.0 

7.2 

5.9 

6.2 

6.5 

5 

Dance  

2.8 

2.3 

4.0 

3.2 

.6 

2.1 

1.4 

1.6 

2 

Saloon 

2.4 

7.0 

2.0 

9.6 

6.1 

5.7 

5.4 

1.4 

5 

Pool  

2.1 

3.0 

2.2 

3.5 

.6 

.9 

2.1 

1.0 

1 

Cards. 

6.3 

8.0 

4.6 

5.8 

9.4 

4.2 

4.0 

6.2 

4 

With  Family  

ILU 

13.0 

10.0 

13.0 

16.1 

11.5 

10.3 

11.5 

11 

Newspaper                       .... 

13.6 

13.5 

12.0 

14.7 

12.8 

13.6 

12.7 

13.6 

13 

Magazine  

3  8 

"3.5 

5.0 

3.0 

2.8 

3.0 

3.2 

1.6 

4 

Books  
Friends  

4.9 
10.8 

2.7 

11.8 

6.0 
10.5 

2.5 
10.0 

3.3 

11.0 

3.5 

11.5 

4.8 
10.2 

4.6 
11.3 

5 
11 

By  means  of  this  table  we  are  enabled  to  see  more  clearly  the 
degree  of  popularity  of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  with 
the  different  Occupation  Groups.  One  man  might  have  visited 
during  the  week  a  half  dozen  of  the  specified  places,  while  a  second 
man  only  one  place.  Taking  the  total  number  of  visits  or  choices 
reported  by  806  men  as  100%,  the  percentage  for  each  specified  item 
of  this  total  gives  the  relative  number  of  visits  made  to  or  popu- 
larity of  the  different  social  and  other  agencies. 

The  popularity  of  the  Church  and  Synagogue  as  determined 
by  the  number  of  visits  made  is  greatest  among  the  Merchants  and 
Dealers  Group,  the  percentage  being  11.1%;  with  the  Domestics 
8.8%;  Metal  Trades  and  Textiles  8.5%.  In  the  case  of  like  attend- 
ance at  Church  and  Synagogue  of  8.5%  in  the  Metal  Trades  and 
Textile  Group,  it  is  evident  that  some  men  in  the  Textile  Group 
went  more  than  once  during  the  week,  for  in  Table  4  the  number  of 
men  reporting  that  they  spent  some  spare  time  at  Church  and  Syna- 
gogue was  60.1%  in  the  Textile  Group,  while  63.1%  reported  in 
the  Metal  Trades.  This  shows  that  the  Church  and  Synagogue  is 
more  popular  with  this  Textile  group  of  men  than  with  the  Metal 
Trade  group. 

Further,  the  popularity  of  Motion  Pictures  among  the  different 


OCCUPATION  AND  SPARE  TIME  25 

Occupation  Groups,  according  to  the  number  of  visits  reported,  is 
seen  to  be  in  the  following  order:  Domestic  11.8%,  Transportation 
9.8%,  Merchants  and  Dealers  8.9%,  Metal  Trades  8.8%,  Miscell- 
aneous 8.5%,  Clerical  8.1%,  Professional  and  Textile  8.0%,  with 
Building  Trades  7.7%.  Men  in  the  Transportation  Group  went  to 
the  Motion  Pictures  more  frequently  than  the  Clerical  Group  of 
men,  tho  in  Table  4  the  actual  number  of  men  who  reported  that 
they  spent  spare  time  during  one  week  at  Motion  Pictures  was 
58.3%  for  the  Transportation  Group,  and  62.9%  for  the  Clerical 
Group.  Thus  in  Table  5  a  glance  at  the  different  social  and  other 
agencies  will  show  the  relative  popularity  according  to  choices  or 
visits  of  men  in  the  specified  Occupation  Groups. 

In  the  comparison  of  the  popularity  of  the  specified  social  and 
other  agencies  within  each  Occupation  Group,  it  can  be  observed 
that  with  the  Clerical  Group  the  order  of  popularity  is  the  following : 
Newspaper  12.0%,  Friends  10.5%,  Family  10.0%,  Theater  8.5%, 
Motion  Pictures  8.1%,  Club  7.1%,  Book  6.0%,  Church  5.7%,  Mag- 
azine 5.0%,  Public  Lecture  4.7%,  Cards  4.6%,  Dance  4.0%, 
Private  Study  3.2%,  Library  3.1%,  Pool  2.2%,  Saloon  2.0%, 
Night  School  1.8%,  Art  Galleries  1.3%,  Labor  Unions  .2%.  Within 
the  Textile  Group  however  the  order  of  popularity  differs:  News- 
paper 13.6%,  Family  11.5%,  Friends  11.3%,  Church  8.5%,  Club 
8.2%,  Motion  Picture  8.0%,  Theatre  6.5%,  Labor  Union  6.4%, 
Cards  6.2%,  Books  4.6%,  Public  Lectures  3.6%,  Private  Study 
1.7%,  Library  1.6%,  Magazine  1.6%,  Dance  1.6%,  Saloon  1.4%, 
Night  School  1.4%,  Art  Galleries  1.3%,  Pool  1.0%. 

(See  Table  6  on  following  page.) 

Table  6  gives  the  percentage  of  hours  spent  at  the  social  and 
other  agencies  by  806  men  in  the  specified  Occupation  Groups. 

Theatres  have  the  following  order  based  upon  the  percentage 
of  hours  spent  by  men  in  this  form  of  amusement:  Clerical  4.3%, 
Professional  3.6%,  Transportation  2.7%,  Building  Trades  2.6%, 
Metal  Trades  2.6%,  Miscellaneous  2.4%,  Domestic  2.3%,  Textiles 
2.3%,  Merchants  and  Dealers  1.4%, 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  tho  the  number  of  men  who  re- 
ported going  to  the  Theatre  (see  Table  4)  is  the  same — 46% — in  the 
Metal  Trades  and  Textile  Groups,  yet  in  the  percentage  of  hours 
the  Metal  Trades  are  slightly  higher,  thus  indicating  more  spare 
time  spent  at  Theatres.  The  percentage  for  Metal  Trades  is  2.6%, 
whereas  the  Textile  group  reports  2.3%. 


26 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  6    v 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  by  men  in  specified 

Occupation  Groups 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER 
AGENCIES 

Professional 
and  Public 
Service 

Domestic  and 
Personal 
Service 

Clerical 

Transportation 

Merchants 
and  Dealers 

Building 
Trades 

% 
1 

3 
B 

Textiles 

GO 
3 

ii 

%     1 

%     1 

% 

%     1 

%     1 

%     1 

%      1 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  

1.0 

.2 

.1 

1.1 

3.2 

1.3 

1.8 

1.7 

Clubs  or  Lodges  
Church  or  Synagogue  

4.7 
1.5 

1.2 
2.3 

5.7 
1.6 

2.7 
1.5 

2.9 
2.0 

6.8 
1.8 

4.0 
3.0 

3.2 
3.3 

2.9 
2.0 

Public  Lectures  

1.6 

8 

1.6 

3 

.2 

1.0 

1.0 

1  2 

1.7 

Art  Galleries.                        .    .  . 

7 

1 

3 

* 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Library  

2.3 

.3 

1.2 

* 

.1 

.4 

.4 

.7 

1.6 

Private  Study  

6  7 

7 

3  3 

1.3 

1  8 

6 

1  5 

1  5 

2  3 

Night  School  

.6 

1.2 

2.4 

.3 

1.6 

.5 

1.8 

1.5 

1.1 

Motion  Pictures  

3  8 

5  8 

4.3 

6.3 

3  2 

4  2 

5.3 

4.2 

4  3 

Theatres 

3  6 

2  3 

4  3 

2  7 

1  4 

2  6 

2  6 

2  3 

2  4 

Dance  

.8 

.3 

2.8 

1.7 

.3 

1.2 

1.0 

.9 

1.2 

Saloon               

1  8 

4  2 

1  4 

12  9 

2  3 

3  5 

3  6 

1  8 

4  5 

Pool 

1  i 

3  9 

8 

1  9 

# 

4 

1  i 

7 

5 

Cards.  .  . 
With  Family 

3.8 
39  5 

10.8 
42  6 

3.5 
37  2 

5.7 
37  8 

9.9 

48  0 

4.2 
42  9 

2.4 
44  6 

5.9 

44  3 

3.2 
42  3 

Newspaper  •.  .  .  . 

14.8 

13.5 

14.4 

14  3 

17  6 

15  8 

16  0 

15  6 

15  2 

Magazine 

2  1 

1  4 

2  5 

1  6 

1  5 

1  2 

1  4 

9 

1  8 

Books  

2.5 

2.2 

4.4 

1.8 

1.8 

2  4 

2.9 

2.7 

3.8 

Friends  

7.1 

6.2 

8.2 

6.1 

5.4 

7.2 

6.0 

7.2 

7.2 

*Less  than  1-10  of  1%. 

At  the  Saloon,  the  number  of  hours  spent  by  the  Transporta- 
tion Group  is  almost  three  times  as  great  as  for  any  of  the  other 
groups.  The  order  of  Occupations  and  time  spent  at  the  Saloon  is 
the  following:  Transportation  12.9%,  Miscellaneous  4.5%,  Domes- 
tic 4.2%,  Metal  Trades  3.6%,  Building  Trades  3.5%,  Merchants 
and  Dealers  2.3%,  Professional  1.8%,  Textiles  1.8%,  Clerical  1.4%. 

Comparison  between  the  Domestic  Group  and  the  Building 
Trades  Group  is  interesting.  The  Building  Trades  Group  in  Table 
4  has  41.8%  of  men  reporting  attendance  at  the  Saloon,  while  the 
Domestic  Group  reports  only  38.8% ;  but  in  numbers  of  hours  spent 
in  the  Saloon  the  Domestic  Group  reverses  the  proportion,  indicat- 
ing a  greater  popularity  of  the  Saloon  with  them  than  with  the 
Building  Trades  Group,  the  percentage  of  hours  at  Saloon  being, 
Domestic  4.2%,  Building  Trades  3.5%. 

Further  comparisons  of  Occupation  Groups  in  the  percentage 
of  hours  spent  at  the  different  social  and  other  agencies  is  readily 
possible  from  this  table. 


Ill 


THE  RELATION  OF  HOURS  OF  LABOR  TO  THE 

USE  OF  SPARE  TIME,  GROUPING  MEN  AS 

SINGLE  OR  MARRIED;  AND  WAYS  IN 

WHICH  SINGLE  AND  MARRIED  MEN 

DIFFER  IN  THEIR  USE  OF 

SPARE  TIME 


I 


N  the  following  tables  806  men  are  compared  with  reference  to 
Single  and  Married  groups  and  Hours  of  Labor. 


TABLE  7 


TABLE  8 


Percentage  of  Single  Men  who  report  time 
spent  for  various  purposes  during  one 
week  according  to  specified  Hours 
of  Labor 

Percentage  of   Married   Men  who  report 
time  spent  for  various  purposes  during 
one  week  according  to  specified 
Hours  of  Labor 

Number  of  men  

HOURS    PER   DAY 

HOURS   PER   DAY 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11 
and 
over 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11 

and 
over 

116 

98 
~% 

49 

3i 

173 

ISO 

79 

101 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGEN. 

% 

% 

% 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGEN. 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  
Clubs  or  Lodges 

25.9 
55.2 
42.2 
37.1 
11.2 
24.1 
23.2 
12.1 
50.9 
69.8 
47.4 
22.4 
28.4 
35.3 
62.1 
97.4 
37.1 
44.8 
81.9 

15.3 
41.8 
25.6 
32.7 
13.3 
22.4 
27.6 
20.4 
60.2 
60.2 
25.6 
20.4 
19.4 
19.4 
50.0 
91.8 
27.6 
41.8 
S2  .  7 

10.0 
38.7 
32.6 
26.5 
8.1 
22.4 
26.5 
20.4 
69.3 
55.1 
22.4 
24.4 
20.4 
28.5 
48.9 
97.9 
18.3 
34.6 
79.5 

9.6 
29.0 
35.4 
12.9 
3.2 
3.2 
6.4 
12.9 
70.9 
35.4 
9.6 
25.8 
9.6 
35.4 
32.2 
64.5 
22.5 
25.8 
64.5 

Labor  Union 

48.6 
60.1 
58.4 
28.9 
6.9 
8.1 
11.6 
2.3 
57.8 
48.0 
9.8 
37.0 
5.8 
38.2 
95.4 
95.4 
•11  .'2 
38.2 
76.9 

36.4 
46.5 
62.8 

22.6 
4.4 
10.6 
6.2 
5.3 
63.0 
34.5 
5.3 
37.7 
4.4 
37.7 
92.4 
94.3 
19.4 
27.6 
77.9 

20.2 
34.1 
64.5 
10.1 
1.0 
2.5 
7.5 
2.5 
60.7 
29.1 
7.5 
37.9 
8.8 
41.7 
96.2 
88.6 
13.9 
14.1 
79.7 

7.9 
25.7 
54.4 
2.9 

2.  '9 
2.9 

53  .'4 
20.7 
8.9 
29.7 
7.9 
47.5 
96.0 
83.1 
18.8 
14.8 
68.3 

Clubs  or  Lodges  
Church  or  Synagogue.  .  .  . 
_  Public  Lectures  
"Art  Galleries 

Church  or  Synagogue..  .  . 
Public  Lectures 

Art  Galleries  
Library' 

Private  Study  
Night  School. 

Private  Study  
Night  School 

Motion  Pictures  

Motion  Pictures  
Theatres 

Theatres. 

Dance  

Dance  
Saloon 

Saloon 

Pool 

Pool 

Cards  
With  Family 

Cards 

With  Family  
Xew^paper 

Newspaper  
Magazine 

Magazine  
Books  

Books  
Friends  

Friends  

The  percentages  in  Tables  7  and  8  are  calculated  from  the  base 
of  the  number  of  Single  and  Married  men  in  the  different  Hour 
Groups.  The  rate  of  rise  or  fall  in  the  numbers  of  men  as  the  Hours 
of  Labor  increase  is  practically  uniform  for  both  the  Single  and 
the  Married  men.  This  influence  of  the  Hours  of  Work  has  been 
indicated  in  previous  tables  and  again  will  be  noted  in  Tables  9, 
10,  12,  and  13. 

27 


28 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  9 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in 
which  spare  time  was  used  by  Single  men 
in  each  Hour  Group  as  100%,  the  table 
shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices 
of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies. 

SINGLE  MEN 


TABLE  10 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in 
which  spare  time  was  used  by  Married  men 
in  each  Hour  Group  as  100%,  the  table 
shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices 
of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies. 

MARRIED  MEN 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGEN. 

HOURS  PER  DAY 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGEN. 

HOURS  PER  DAY 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11 
and 
over 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11 
and 
over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union 

3.2 

6.8 
5.2 
4.6 
1.4 
3.0 
2.9 
1.5 
6.3 
8.6 
5.9 
2.8 
3.5 
4.4 
7.7 
12.0 
4.6 
5.5 
10.1 

2.2 
5.9 
4.2 
4.7 
1.9 
3.2 
3.9 
2.9 
8.5 
8.5 
4.2 
2.9 
2.7 
2.7 
7.1 
13.0 
3.9 
5.9 
11.7 

1.5 
5.6 
4.7 
3.8 
1.2 
3.2 
3.8 
3.0 
10.1 
8.0 
3.2 
3.5 
3.0 
4.1 
7.1 
14.0 
3.6 
5.0 
11.6 

1.9 
5.7 
7.0 
2.5 
.6 
.6 
1.3 
2.5 
13.9 
7.0 
1.9 
5.1 
1.9 
7.0 
6.3 
12.7 
4.4 
5.0 
12.7 

Labor  Union 

6.4 
8.0 
7.7 
3.8 
.9 
1.1 
1.5 
.3 
7.7 
6.4 
1.3 
4.9 
.8 
5.1 
12.6 
12.6 
3.6 
5.1 
10.2 

5.3 

6.8 
9.1 
3.3 
.6 
1.5 
.9 
.7 
9.4 
5.0 
.7 
5.5 
.6 
5.5 
13.4 
13.6 
2.8 
4.0 
11.3 

3.3 

5.5 
10.3 
1.6 
.2 
.4 
1.2 
.4 
9.8 
4.7 
1.2 
6.1 
1.4 
6.7 
15.5 
14.2 
2.2 
2.5 
12.8 

1.5 
4.7 
10.0 
.5 

'  '.'i 
.4 

9.  '8 
3.8 
1.6 
5.5 
1.5 
8.7 
17.6 
15.3 
3.5 
2.7 
12.5 

Clubs  or  Lodges  
Church  or  Synagogue  .  .  . 
Public  Lecture  
Art  Galleries  
Library 

Clubs  and  Lodges  
Church  or  Synagogue  .  .  . 
Public  Lecture  
Art  Galleries  

Private  Study  
Night  School  
Motion  Pictures  
Theatre  
Dance  

Private  Study  
Night  School 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatre  .  . 

Dance  

Saloon  
Pool 

Saloon  
Pool 

Cards  

Cards  
With  Family 

With  Family  
Newspaper 

Newspaper  
Magazine 

Magazine  
Books. 

Books  
Friends  

Friends  

Table  9  represents  the  specified  choices  of  spending  spare  time 
during  one  week  made  by  294  Single  men.  This  table  is  in  almost 
exact  agreement  with  Table  2,  wherein  the  806  Single  and  Married 
men  were  combined.  In  comparing  the  Single  men  of  Table  9  with 
the  Married  men  of  Table  10,  the  same  general  effect  is  seen  to  be 
produced  by  the  shorter  or  longer  workday. 

Use  of  Table  9  can  be  made  by  noting  the  social  and  other 
agencies  which  are  the  most  popular  with  groups  of  men  working 
the  shorter  number  of  hours  and  which  have  a  regular  or  almost  a 
regular  decline  in  attendance  as  the  working  hours  increase.  This 
is  the  case,  it  will  be  observed,  with  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  and  Lodges, 
Public  Lectures,  Art  Galleries,  Private  Study,  Theatres,  Dances, 
Pool,  Family,  Magazines,  and  Books.  Men  in  the  11  hour  and  over 
group  have  the  highest  percentage  at  Church  and  Synagogue, 
Motion  Pictures,  Saloon,  Cards  and  visiting  Friends. 

In  Table  10  with  512  Married  men  grouped  according  to  speci- 
fied Hours  of  Labor,  the  highest  degree  of  popularity  of  the  follow- 
ing social  and  other  agencies  seems  dependent  upon  the  shorter 
working  hours:  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  and  Lodges,  Public  Lecture, 
Art  Galleries,  Private  Study,  Theatre,  Magazine  and  Books;  while 
the  percentage  of  specified  choices  for  Married  men  working  the 


SINGLE  AND  MARRIED  MEN  AND  SPARE  TIME 


29 


greater  numbers  of  hours  is  highest  at  Church,  Motion  Pictures, 
Dance,  Saloon,  Pool,  Cards,  with  Family,  reading  Newspaper,  and 
visiting  Friends. 

TABLE  II    v- 

Combination   of    tables  9   and   10  showing    the    comparison   between   Single  and 
Married  Men. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

8—9  hours 

9—10  hours 

10—  11  hours 

11  hours 
and  over 

V 

1 

a 

2 

i 

§ 

1 

w 

I 
| 

1 
35 

1 
1 

%  i  % 

% 

% 

%     1     % 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  

3.2 
6.8 
5.2 
4.6 
1.4 
3.0 
2.9 
1.5 
6.3 
8.6 
5.9 
2.8 
3.5 
4.4 
7.7 
12.0 
4.6 
5.5 
10.1 

6.4 
8.0 
7.7 
3.8 
.9 
1.1 
1.5 
.3 
7.7 
6.4 
1.3 
4.9 
.8 
5.1 
12.6 
12.6 
3.6 
5.1 
10.2 

2.2 
5.9 
4.2 
4.7 
1.9 
3.2 
3.9 
2.9 
8.5 
8.5 
4.2 
2.9 
2.7 
2.7 
7.1 
13.0 
3.9 
5.9 
11.7 

5.3 
6.8 
9.1 
3.3 
.6 
1.5 
.9 
.7 
9.4 
5.0 
.7 
5.5 
.6 
5.5 
13.4 
13.6 
2.8 
4.0 
11.3 

1.5 
5.6 
4.7 
3.8 
1.2 
3.2 
3.8 
3.0 
10.1 
8.0 
3.2 
3.5 
3.0 
4.1 
7.1 
14.0 
3.6 
5.0 
11.6 

3.3 
5.5 
10.3 
1.6 
.2 
.4 
1.2 
.4 
9.8 
4.7 
1.2 
6.1 
1.4 
6.7 
15.5 
14.2 
2.2 
2.5 
12.8 

1.9 
5.7 
7.0 
2.5 
.6 
.6 
1.3 
2.5 
13.9 
7.0 
1.9 
5.1 
1.9 
7.0 
6.3 
12.7 
4.4 
5.0 
12.7 

1.5 
4.7 
10.0 
.5 

Clubs  or  Lodges 

Church  or  Synagogue 

Public  Lecture.                

Art  Galleries 

Library           

.4 

.4 

9^8 
3.8 
1.6 
5.5 
1.5 
8.7 
17.6 
15.3 
3.5 
2.7 
12.5 

Private  Study 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatre 

Dance         

Saloon 

Pool  

Cards 

With  Family 

Newspaper  

Books      

Friends  

In  this  table  comparison  is  made  of  Single  and  Married  men 
grouped  according  to  specified  Hours  of  Labor.  The  percentages 
represent  the  number  of  visits  to  or  choices  of  the  different  social 
and  other  agencies.  It  is  noticeable  that  those  social  and  other  agen- 
cies which  interest  the  Single  men  the  most  are,  Public  Lectures, 
Art  Galleries,  Library,  Private  Study,  Night  School,  Motion  Pic- 
tures (in  the  10-11,  11  hour  and  over  groups),  Theatre,  Dance,  Pool, 
Magazines  and  Books;  whereas  the  Married  men  have  the  highest 
percentage  at  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  (in  8-9,  9-10  hour  groups), 
Church,  Motion  Pictures  (in  8-9,  9-10  hour  groups),  Saloon,  Cards, 
Family,  Newspaper,  and  visiting  Friends. 

(See  Tables  12  and  13  on  following  page.) 

Tables  12  and  13  give  the  percentages  of  the  number  of  hours 
spent  during  one  week  at  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  by 
294  Single  men  and  512  Married  men.  In  these  tables,  as  in  pre- 
vious ones,  the  amount  of  time  spent  at  the  specified  agencies  is 
not  in  direct  ratio  with  the  number  of  men  attending  those  agencies. 
The  personal  element  affects  the  percentages  of  hours  spent  outside 
of  work.  Tho  the  number  of  men  in  a  certain  group  attending  any 
one  of  the  social  agencies  may  be  much  larger  than  in  a  second  group, 


30 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


yet  this  first  group  of  men  may  spend  a  smaller  number  of  hours  at 
a  specified  agency  than  the  men  in  the  second  group.  For  instance, 
at  Private  Study,  the  10-11  hour  group  of  Single  men  spend  more 
spare  time  than  all  of  the  other  groups ;  yet  a  larger  number  of  men 
in  the  9-10  hour  group  reported  Private  Study  as  one  way  in  which 
they  spent  spare  time.  (See  Table  7.) 


TABLE  12 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  vari- 
ous purposes  during  one  week  by  Single 
men  in  specified  Hour  Groups. 

SINGLE  MEN 


TABLE  13 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  vari- 
ous purposes  during  one  week  by  Married 
men  in  specified  Hour  Groups. 

MARRIED  MEN 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGEN. 

HOURS   PER   DAY 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGEN. 

HOURS  PER  DAY 

8-9 

% 

9-10 

10-11 

11 
and 
over 

~%~ 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11 
and 
over 

~%~ 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

1.3 
7.0 
2.0 
2.3 
.4 
1.6 
3.8 
2.0 
4.0 
5.5 
5.1 
2.7 
1.9 
3.6 
23.1 
17.0 
3.2 
4.9 
8.6 

1.2 
5.1 
1.4 
2.0 
.6 
1.8 
4.8 
4.6 
6.0 
4.6 
2.6 
3.7 
1.4 
3.0 
23.8 
15.8 
1.8 
5.0 
10.8 

.6 
3.6 
2.0 
1.7 
.3 
1.3 
6.2 
4.5 
7.8 
4.6 
2.8 
4.2 
2.5 
4.7 
23.3 
14.1 
1.7 
3.6 
10.5 

1.1 
4.6 
2.6 
.9 

.'i 

.5 
3.7 

11.2 
4.6 
1.0 
6.1 
2.5 
6.9 
19.1 
17.8 
2.4 
5.5 
9.4 

Labor  Union 

2.0 
5.0 
1.8 
1.0 
.2 
.6 
1.2 
.3 
3.6 
2.3 
.3 
2.4 
.2 
3.5 
50.8 
14.4 
1.5 
2.8 
6.1 

1.7 
2.7 
2.8 
1.1 
.2 
.8 
.9 
.5 
4.6 
1.8 
.2 
4.6 
.3 
4.4 
49.3 
14.6 
1.0 
2.4 
6.1 

.6 
2.2 
3.0 
.6 
.1 
.5 
1.3 
.5 
4.4 
1.1 
.2 
6.4 
1.0 
6.7 
50.9 
13.6 
.7 
1.2 
5.0 

.4 
1.4 
1.9 
.3 

'!i 

.2 

'4!6 

1.4 
.3 

3.8 
1.7 
8.8 
50.7 
16.5 
1.5 
1.6 
5.4 

Clubs  or  Lodges  
Church  or  Synagogue  . 
Public  Lectures..  .  . 
Art  Galleries  

Clubs  or  Lodges  

Church  or  Synagogue  .  .  . 
Public  Lectures  
Art  Galleries  
Library 

Private  Study  
Night  School  
Motion  Pictures.        .    .  . 
Theatres  
Dance 

Private  Study  
Night  School. 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatres.           

Dance 

Saloon  .  . 
Pool 

Saloon  
Pool 

Cards  
With  Family  
Newspapers  

Cards  
With  Family. 

Newspapers  

Magazines  

Magazines       

Books 

Books 

Friends  

Friends  

From  the  case  just  cited,  the  perseverance  of  the  various  groups 
of  men  can  probably  be  tested  by  the  percentage  of  time  spent  at 
the  specified  social  and  other  agencies. 

In  Table  12,  where  the  Single  men  are  grouped  according  to 
their  Hours  of  Labor,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  8-9  hour  men  spend  the 
highest  percentage  of  spare  time  at  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  and  Lodges, 
Public  Lectures,  Theatres,  Dance,  and  reading  Magazines.  The 
curve  downward  can  be  observed  plainly  at  Public  Lecture:  8-9 
hour  men  2.3%;  9-10  hour,  2.0%;  10-11  hour,  1.7%;  11  hour  and 
over  .9%. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  upward  rise  in  percentage  of  spare  time 
spent  as  the  working  hours  increase  is  noticeable  in  the  case  of  the 
Saloon.  The  percentages  of  hours  at  the  Saloon  are  with  the  8-9 
hour  men  2.7%;  9-10  hour,  3.7%;  10-11  hour,  4.2%;  11  hour  and 
over,  6.1%.  Motion  Pictures  and  Cards  show  the  same  upward 
tendency. 


SINGLE  AND  MARRIED  MEN  AND  SPARE  TIME 


31 


In  Table  13,  which  gives  the  percentage  of  time  spent  by  512 
Married  men  at  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies,  the  same 
tendency  shown  for  Single  men  in  Table  12  is  seen  to  prevail  when 
the  hours  of  labor  increase.  The  10-11,  11  hour  and  over  groups, 
spent  more  time  than  the  8-9,  9-10  hour  groups  at  Church  and 
Saloon  (in  the  10-11  hours  group)  Pool,  Cards,  Family,  and  Dread- 
ing Newspapers  (in  the  11  hour  and  over  group). 

The  comparison  is  easily  made  by  looking  for  any  specified 
agency  and  noting  how  the  percentage  varies  with  the  different 
Hour  Groups. 

TABLE  14       ^ 

Combination   of    tables  12  and    13  showing  the  comparison  between  Single  and 
Married  men. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

8—  9  hours 

9  —  10  hours 

10  —  11  hours 

11  hours 
and  over 

.32 
*bo 

1 

.1 

C3 

£ 

• 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
§ 

I 

1 
• 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

1.3 
7.0 
2.0 
2.3 
.4 
1.6 
3.8 
2.0 
4.0 
5.5 
5.1 
2.7 
1.9 
3.6 
23.1 
17.0 
3.2 
4.9 
8.6 

2.0 
5.0 
1.8 
1.0 
.2 
.6 
1.2 
.3 
3.6 
2.3 
.3 
2.4 
.2 
.    3.5 
50.8 
14.4 
1.5 
2.8 
6.1 

1.2 
5.1 
1.4 
2.0 
.6 
.1.8 
4.8 
4.6 
6.0 
4.6 
2.6 
3.7 
1.4 
3.0 
23.8 
15.8 
1.8 
5.0 
10.8 

1.7 
2.7 
2.8 
1.1 
.2 
.8 
.9 
.5 
4.6 
1.8 
.2 
4.6 
.3 
4.4 
49.3 
14.6 
1.0 
2.4 
6.1 

.6 
3.6 
2.0 
1.7 
.3 
1.3 
6.2 
4.5 
7.8 
4.6 
2.8 
4.2 
2.5 
4.7 
23.3 
14.1 
1.7 
3.6 
10.5 

.6 
2.2 
3.0 
.6 
.1 
.5 
1.3 
.5 
4.4 
1.1 
.2 
6.4 
1.0 
6.7 
50.9 
13.6 
.7 
1.2 
5.0 

1.1 
4.6 
2.6 
.9 

.4 
1.4 
1.9 
.3 

Clubs  or  Lodges  

Church  or  Synagogue. 

Public  Lecture  

Art  Gallery 

.1 
.5 

3.7 
11.2 
4.6 
1.0 
6.1 
2.5 
6.9 
19.1 
17.8 
2.4 
5.5 
9.4 

.1 
.2 

4!6 

1.4 
.3 
3.8 
1.7 
8.8 
50.7 
16.5 
1.5 
1.6 
5.4 

Private  Study  .          

Night  School 

Motion  Picture  

Theatre 

Dance  

Saloon. 

Pool 

Cards  

With  Family 

Newspaper  

Magazine 

Books 

Friends  

Married  life  influences  the  use  of  spare  time  more  than  Hours 
of  Labor.  In  this  table,  the  contrast  is  most  striking  between  Single 
and  Married  men  grouped  according  to  the  same  Hours  of  Labor. 
Again  it  must  be  remembered  that  in  reckoning  with  the  amount 
of  time  spent  at  any  of  the  specified  agencies  the  personal  element 
predominates.  It  is  evident  that  the  home  or  family  absorbs  most 
of  the  Married  men's  spare  time.  In  stating  the  number  of  hours 
spent  at  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies,  512  Married  men  for 
all  Hour  Groups,  report  out  of  the  100%  of  spare  time  available 
that  50%  and  over  was  spent  with  their  families.  This  is  more 
than  twice  as  much  as  the  time  which  the  Single  men  report  spend- 
ing at  their  homes. 


32  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

But  in  no  other  way  in  the  above  table  do  the  Married  men,  in 
all  Hour  Groups,  spend  a  larger  percentage  of  time  than  the  Single 
men.  It  is  true  that  at  Labor  Unions  the  Married  men  lead  in  the 
8-9  and  9-10  Hour  Groups;  likewise,  at  Church  and  Saloon  they 
spend  more  spare  time  in  the  9-10,  10-11  Hour  Groups  than  the 
Single  men;  also  they  lead  in  playing  Cards  in  the  9-10,  10-11,  11 
hour  and  over  groups.  But  with  each  of  the  fourteen  remaining 
social  and  other  agencies,  the  Single  Men  spend  the  largest  percent- 
age of  spare  time. 


IV 


THE  RELATION  OF  AGE  TO  THE  USE  OF  SPARE 

TIME 

THIS  table  is  one  of  the  most  interesting,  indicating  as  it  does 
the  effect  of  increasing  age  on  the  use  of  leisure.  With  the 
greater  vitality  of  youth,  spare  time  is  filled  in  seeking  for  amuse- 
ment and  also  for  success  by  means  of  Library,  Private  Study,  and 
Night  School.  The  regularity  of  the  curve  as  the  percentage  rises 
or  falls  is  significant  with  almost  every  item.  The  figures  give  strik- 
ing support  to  the  indications  which  were  shown  by  the  tables  of 
Single  and  Married  men. 

TABLE  15 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  ac- 
cording to  specified  Age  Group. 


17—24 
years 

25—35 
years 

36—45 
years 

46yrs. 
and  over 

Number  of  men  

207 

331 

187 

82 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union 

15  9 

25  3 

33  1 

45  i 

Clubs  or  Lodges  

48.3 

40  1 

44  9 

51  2 

Church  or  Synagogue 

39  1 

45  3 

62  5 

69  5 

Public  Lectures  

28.0 

26.5 

17  1 

14  6 

Art  Galleries 

9  6 

6  6 

5  3 

3  6 

Library  

20.7 

11.7 

3.7 

7  3 

Private  Study                                                   

26  0 

10  8 

6  4 

3  6 

Night  School 

17  8 

6  6 

1  6 

Motion  Pictures  

43  9 

65  2 

48  1 

46  3 

Theatres 

63  2 

45  9 

31  0 

28  0 

Dance  

37.6 

16.3 

6  4 

1  2 

Saloon 

17  8 

32  6 

42  7 

30  4 

Pool 

25  1 

12  3 

2  6 

2  4 

Cards.     . 

25  6 

39  8 

41  7 

26  8 

With  Family 

65  7 

80  3 

94  6 

85  3 

Newspapers    

94  6 

90  3 

89  8 

92  6 

Magazines 

29  9 

23  2 

21  9 

18  2 

Books  

45  8 

26  8 

27  8 

20  7 

Friends  

81.6 

80.0 

71.6 

65.8 

The  percentages  in  Table  15  represent  the  proportion  of  807 
men  who  reported  time  spent  during  one  week  at  the  specified  social 
and  other  agencies.  The  only  agencies  at  which  men  in  the  36-45, 
46  and  over  Age  Groups  excel  in  numbers  are  Labor  Unions,  Clubs 
and  Lodges  in  the  46  and  over  group,  Church  and  Synagogue,  Saloon 
in  the  36-45  group,  and  with  Family.  All  of  the  other  fourteen  social 
and  other  agencies  show  the  highest  percentage  in  the  younger  age 
groups  with  a  marked  decline  in  the  older  groups.  A  glance  at  the 
table  will  show  this  interesting  fact. 

33 


34 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  16 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  was  used  by  men  in  each  Age 
Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices  of  the  specified  social 
and  other  agencies. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

17—24 
years 

25—35 
years 

36—45 
years 

46  years 
and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union 

2  2 

3  7 

5  1 

7  4 

Clubs  or  Lodges  

6.6 

5.9 

6.9 

8.4 

Church  or  Synagogue         

5  3 

6  6 

9  6 

11  2 

Public  Lectures 

3  8 

3  9 

2  5 

2  4 

Art  Gallery  

1.3 

.9 

8 

.6 

Library 

2  8 

1  7 

6 

1  2 

Private  Study  

3.5 

1.6 

1.0 

.6 

Night  School                        .      .                                    

2  4 

1  0 

2 

Motion  Pictures 

6  0 

9  5 

7  4 

7  6 

Theatres  

8  6 

6  7 

4  7 

4  6 

Dances 

5  1 

2  4 

1  0 

2 

Saloons  

2.4 

4  5 

6.6 

5.0 

Pool                 .                  ... 

3  4 

1  8 

4 

4 

Cards  

3.5 

5.8 

6.4 

4.2 

With  Family  

8  8 

11  7 

14  5 

13  9 

Newspapers 

12  9 

13  2 

13  6 

15  1 

Magazines  

4  1 

3  4 

3  4 

3  0 

Books                                    .        .    . 

6  2 

4  0 

4  3 

3  4 

Friends  

11.1 

11.7 

11.0 

10.8 

Table  16  gives  the  percentage  of  the  number  of  visits  to  or 
choices  of  the  different  social  and  other  agencies  by  807  men  accord- 
ing to  specified  Age  Groups.  The  total  for  all  of  the  visits  made  by 
the  men  was  taken  and  the  percentage  for  each  agency  then  found. 

Upon  a  basis  of  100%,  the  striking  rise  and  fall  in  attendance 
at  the  specified  agencies  is  in  almost  exact  conformity  to  Table  15, 
showing  that  as  men  grow  older,  fewer  are  the  social  and  other 
agencies  that  interest  them. 

Labor  Union,  Clubs  and  Lodges,  Church  and  Synagogue, 
Saloon  and  reading  Newspapers  have  the  greatest  popularity 
among  the  older  groups  of  men.  It  will  be  observed  from  the  table 
that  the  interests  of  the  younger  men  are  more  varied,  over  one- 
half  of  the  agencies  given  in  their  case  showing  a  higher  percentage. 

(See  Table  17  on  following  page.) 

In  Table  17  the  percentages  are  calculated  from  the  number 
of  hours  spent  at  the  various  social  and  other  agencies  by  807  men 
in  the  specified  Age  Groups.  It  is  evident  that  men  in  the  17-24  Age 
Group  spent  more  hours  at  Motion  Pictures  than  men  in  the  46  and 
over  Age  Group.  But  in  Table  15  the  number  of  men  is  larger  in 
the  46  and  over  Age  Group,  who  reported  that  Motion  Pictures  was 
one  place  where  they  spent  spare  time  during  the  week.  This  indi- 
cates that  the  younger  men  as  a  group  and  as  individuals  spent 
more  time  than  the  older  men  at  Motion  Pictures. 


AGE  AND  SPARE  TIME 


35 


TABLE  17     , 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  by  men  in  speci- 
fied Age  Groups. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

17—24 
years 

25—35 
years 

36—45 
years 

46  years 
and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union                                                                 

9 

1  3 

1.5 

2.3 

Clubs  or  Lodges. 

6  1 

3  1 

3  1 

5  2 

Church  or  Synagogue  
Public  Lectures 

1.7 
1  9 

1.9 
1  3 

2.2 
9 

3.8 
6 

Art  Galleries  
Library  
Private  Study- 

.3 

1.4 
4  5 

.2 
.8 
1  6 

.2 
.6 
1  1 

.2 
.8 
3 

Night  School  ...                                               

3.4 

1.1 

.2 

Motion  Pictures 

5  3 

4  8 

3  5 

4  0 

Theatres  

4.8 

2.8 

1.6 

1.7 

Dances 

3  8 

1  0 

2 

.1 

Saloons  .  .  . 

2.6 

3.8 

4.7 

3.4 

Pool... 

1  8 

1  l 

.4 

.1 

Cards 

2  9 

5  4 

5  4 

3  5 

With  Family  

27.2 

43.6 

51.4 

47.7 

Newspapers 

14  5 

14  9 

14  6 

17  6 

Magazines  

2.6 

1.6 

1.4 

1.2 

Books 

5  5 

2  6 

2  1 

1  4 

Friends  

8.8 

7.1 

4.9 

6.1 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  as  the  men  grow  older,  more  time, 
in  a  direct  ratio,  is  spent  at  Labor  Union,  Church  and  Synagogue. 
The  Saloon  gets  the  largest  number  of  hours  from  men  in  the  36-45 
Age  Group  and  the  smallest  number  of  hours  from  the  17-24  Age 
Group.  This  proportion  of  hours  is  in  agreement  with  the  number 
of  men  in  Table  15  who  reported  that  they  visited  the  saloon 
during  the  week.  Cards,  likewise,  have  the  most  time  devoted  to 
them  in  the  25-35,  36-45  Age  Groups  and  the  least  amount  of  time 
in  the  17-24  Age  Group. 

The  older  men  spend  more  time  with  their  Families  and  in 
reading  the  Newspapers,  whereas  the  younger  men  devote  more 
time  to  reading  Magazines  and  Books  and  visiting  their  Friends. 


V 


THE  RELATION  OF  NATIONALITY  TO  THE  USE 
OF  SPARE  TIME 

AN  insight  is  gained  from  this  table  into  the  ways  in  which  men 
of  various  nationalities  spend  their  spare  time.  New  York 
being  a  cosmopolitan  centre  and  having  a  foreign  born  population 
of  57.8%*,  naturally  brought  the  investigators  in  interviewing  at 
random  809  workingmen  into  contact  with  many  foreign-born  men. 
About  one  fourth  of  them,  or  194,  were  native  born  and  615  foreign 
born. 

TABLE  18    - 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  ac- 
cording to  specified  Nationality  Groups. 


< 

Austria 
Hungarian 

*-*  *tJ 

§1 

OM 

] 

c 
£ 

1 

d 

1 
s 

Number  of  men  

IQ4 

176 

85 

79 

79 

174 

22 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

% 

% 

% 

%. 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Unions 

24  7 

16  4 

38  8 

45  5 

18  9 

32  7 

13  6 

Clubs  and  Lodges  

45  8 

40  3 

47  0 

49.3 

40.5 

52.8 

9.0 

Church  or  Synagogue 

45  8 

62  4 

48  2 

65  8 

48  1 

43  1 

27.2 

Public  Lecture  

26  2 

19.3 

18.8 

29.1 

11.3 

31.6 

18.1 

Art  Galleries                 

5  1 

3  4 

7  0 

11  3 

8  8 

8  6 

18.1 

Library 

13  9 

9  0 

11  7 

5  0 

6  3 

18  3 

9  0 

Private  Study  

13  9 

9  0 

9  4 

8  8 

15  1 

17.8 

18.1 

Night  School 

7  2 

7  9 

4  7 

7  5 

6  3 

13  2 

4  5 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatre 

61.3 
58  2 

59.6 
37  4 

58.8 
45  8 

60.7 
36  7 

54.4 
31  6 

60.3 
47  1 

54.5 
40  9 

Dance 

29  8 

13  0 

10  5 

12  6 

16  4 

15  5 

Saloon  ... 

26  2 

26  7 

57  6 

49  3 

30  3 

20  6 

18  1 

Pool 

20  1 

11  9 

17  6 

6  3 

12  6 

4  0 

Cards  
With  Family. 

32.9 
74  2 

50.5 
84  0 

35.2 
85  8 

27.8 
86  0 

37.9 
82  2 

28.1 
79  8 

54.5 
68  1 

Newspaper  

94  3 

89  2 

91  7 

91  1 

92.4 

91.9 

90.9 

Magazine. 

29  8 

23  2 

27  0 

27  8 

20  2 

22  9 

4  5 

Books 

34  0 

31  2 

23  5 

32  9 

27  8 

37  3 

36  3 

Friends  

73.1 

79.5 

76.4 

72.1 

79.7 

82.7 

81.8 

Besides  the  question  "In  what  country  were  you  born,"  another 
question  was  asked:  "If  born  in  America,  what  was  the  nationality 
of  your  father?"  Out  of  the  194  native-born  workingmen,  12  coun- 
tries represented  the  birth  places  of  the  fathers.  The  615  foreign- 
born  workingmen  come  from  27  different  countries.  (See  appendix 
for  detailed  information) .  The  various  countries  were  grouped  under 
seven  general  heads,  according  to  race  affiliation  or  proximity  of 
countries. 

*See  page  113  Abstract  of  the  Thirteenth  U.  S.  Census. 

37 


38 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


Table  18  represents  the  percentage  of  809  men  who  reported 
spare  time  spent  during  one  week  at  the  various  social  and  other 
agencies  according  to  the  specified  Nationality  Groups. 

By  reading  the  table  from  left  to  right  the  nationalities  which 
have  the  largest  number  of  men  attending  the  different  social  and 
other  agencies  may  be  observed.  For  example,  at  Church  and  Syna- 
gogue, the  Germans  lead,  followed  in  order  by  the  Austria-Hungar- 
ians, British,  Italians,  Americans,  Russians,  and  Others.  At  the 
Saloon,  most  men  report  from  Great  Britain,  with  Germans  second, 
Italians  third,  Austria-Hungarians  fourth,  Americans  fifth,  Russians 
sixth,  and  Others  last. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  the  percentage  of  men  attending  Mo- 
tion Pictures  and  Theatres  the  Americans  report  the  highest  num- 
ber; while  the  Germans  stand  highest  as  the  "home  men"  and 
Americans  and  Others  the  lowest.  The  proportion  of  men  for  any 
of  the  agencies,  according  to  Nationality  Groups,  can  readily  be 
observed  from  this  table. 

TABLE  19 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  was  used  by  men  in  each 
Nationality  Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices  of  the 
specified  social  and  other  agencies. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

a 
<J 

Austria 
Hungarian 

ll 

OPQ 

German 

fi 

.2 
1 

Russian 

, 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Unions 

3  4 

2  4 

5  4 

6  3 

3  0 

4  6 

2  4 

Clubs  or  Lodges  

6  4 

5  9 

6  6 

6  8 

6  3 

7  4 

1  6 

Church  or  Synagogue 

6  4 

9  3 

6  7 

9  1 

7  5 

6  1 

4  8 

Public  Lectures  

3  7 

2.9 

2  6 

4  0 

1  8 

4  5 

3  2 

Art  Galleries       ... 

7 

5 

1  0 

1  6 

1  4 

1  2 

3  2 

Library  

1.9 

1.3 

1.6 

.7 

1.0 

2.5 

1.6 

Private  Study  

1  9 

1  3 

1  3 

1  2 

2  4 

2  5 

3  2 

Night  School. 

1  0 

1  2 

7 

1  i 

1  0 

1  9 

g 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatres  

8.6 
8  1 

8.8 
5  5 

8.2 
6  4 

8.4 
5  1 

8.5 
4  9 

8.5 
6  6 

9.6 

7  2 

Dance 

4  2 

1  9 

1  5 

1  7 

2  6 

2  2 

Saloon.  . 

3  7 

3  9 

8  0 

6  8 

4  7 

2  9 

3  2 

Pool  

2  8 

1  8 

2  5 

9 

2  0 

6 

Cards... 

4  6 

7  5 

4  9 

3  8 

5  9 

4  0 

9  6 

With  Family.    .    . 

10  3 

12  5 

12  0 

11  8 

12  8 

11  3 

12  0 

Newspaper.  . 

13.2 

13  3 

12  8 

12.5 

14  4 

13  0 

16  0 

4  2 

3  5 

3  8 

3  8 

3  1 

3  2 

g 

Books. 

4  7 

4  7 

3  3 

4  5 

4  3 

5  3 

6  4 

Friends  

10.2 

11.8 

10.7 

9.9 

12.4 

11.7 

14.4 

The  frequency  of  visits  to  or  choices  of  the  various  social  and 
other  agencies  is  represented  by  this  table.  For  example,  the  Rus- 
sian Group  attended  Public  Lectures  more  frequently  than  all 
others,  the  percentage  being  4.5% ;  the  German  Group  second,  4.0% ; 
the  American  Group  third,  3.7%;  while  the  Italian  Group  reported 
the  smallest  attendance,  1.8%. 


NATIONALITY  AND  SPARE  TIME 


39 


At  Night  School,  also,  the  Russian  Group  was  largest,  being 
1.9%,  with  men  from  Great  Britain  the  least  in  evidence,  .7%. 

TABLE  20   ' 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  by  men  in  speci- 
fied Nationality  Groups. 


d 

1 

rtfc 

a 

9 

c 

9 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

1 

II 

11 

o 

1 

I* 

6 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Unions                      .  .    .        

1.2 

.8 

2.2 

1.8 

1.1 

1.8 

.6 

5  6 

2.7 

4.3 

2.8 

5.3 

4.0 

.7 

Church  or  Synagogue           

1.9 

2.7 

2.1 

2.7 

2.1 

1.9 

1.8 

Public  Lecture 

1.1 

.8 

.9 

1.4 

.7 

2.1 

.9 

Art  Galleries 

2 

1 

2 

3 

.4 

.3 

1.0 

.5 

.6 

1.1 

.8 

.4 

1.5 

.9 

Private  Study  

2.2 

1.2 

1.2 

1.3 

2.1 

2.8 

3.1 

Night  School                               

1.3 

1.3 

.8 

.8 

1.3 

2.2 

1.2 

5  1 

4.4 

4.1 

4.3 

4.8 

4.2 

4.8 

Theatres                        

4.3 

2.0 

2.5 

2.4 

2.5 

2.6 

2.6 

Dance 

3.3 

.5 

.8 

.3 

2.0 

.8 

Saloon            

3.5 

3.8 

6.2 

5.5 

4.3 

1.6 

2.6 

Pool 

1.6 

1.1 

1.3 

.7 

1.1 

.2 

Cards 

3  3 

8  7 

2  9 

3  2 

4.1 

3.5 

8.4 

With  Family.                                  .            .... 

35.0 

42.1 

44.9 

50.5 

41.8 

42.9 

48.4 

16  3 

15  5 

14  8 

12.3 

13.2 

15.5 

16.4 

Magazine                                       

2.2 

1.5 

2.2 

1.5 

1.3 

1.4 

.1 

Books 

3  3 

2  6 

2.0 

2.8 

3.9 

3.8 

3.3 

Friends  

8.1 

7.6 

5.5 

4.2 

7.6 

6.9 

3.2 

Table  20  furnishes  a  most  interesting  comparison  of  Nation- 
alities. It  gives  the  percentage  of  hours  spent  at  the  different  social 
and  other  agencies  by  the  specified  Nationality  Groups.  It  can  be 
used  in  conjunction  with  Table  18.  For  instance,  more  men  in  the 
German  Group  reported  attendance  at  Labor  Unions  than  in  the 
British  group,  but  the  British  group  of  men  spent  more  spare  time 
at  the  Labor  Unions  than  the  German  Group,  in  the  proportion 
of  2.2%  to  1.8%.  The  Austria-Hungarian  Group  and  Other  Group 
spent  the  least  amount  of  time  at  Labor  Unions. 

The  table  shows  that  the  Austria-Hungarians  played  Cards 
the  greatest  number  of  hours,  while  the  British  Group  reported  the 
smallest  percentage  of  hours. 

The  spare  time  spent  with  the  family  by  all  of  the  Nationality 
Groups  is  very  large,  ranging  from  35%  to  50.5%.  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  the  American  Group  spent  the  least  number  of  hours 
with  the  family,  while  they  spent  the  greatest  percentage. of  spare 
time  visiting  Friends,  at  Clubs  and  Lodges,  Motion  Pictures,  Thea- 
tres, Dance,  and  Pool.  Is  this  an  evidence  of  the  influence  of  Ameri- 
can institutions  on  the  native  born  of  foreign  parents? 


VI 


THE    RELATION    OF    WAGE    TO  THE  USE  OF 

SPARE  TIME 

r~PHE  relation  of  Wage  to  the  ways  in  which  men  in  the  different 
A  Wage  Groups  use  leisure  time  is  strikingly  brought  out  in  this 
table.  The  wage  reported  is  the  amount  of  money  the  men  usually 
received  per  week.  To  enumerate  all  of  the  social  and  other  agencies 
which  have  the  largest  number  of  men  in  the  specified  Wage  Group 
is  unnecessary,  since  the  rise  or  fall  of  the  percentages  for  any  agency 
is  very  easy  to  follow  with  the  different  Wage  Groups. 

TABLE  21 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  ac- 
cording to  specified  Wage  Groups. 


Number  of  men  

Under 
$10 

$10— 
14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

*35— 

over 

64 

t8i 

3ii 

118 

54 

40 

37 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  

11.0 
37.5 
44.1 
23.7 
6.0 
13.8 
16.5 
9.9 
52.4 
36.4 
17.1 
34.8 
14.3 
30.3 
74.0 
83.9 
22.6 
29.2 
72.3 

28.2 
48.8 
51.1 
21.5 
5.1 
10.2 
11.2 
8.0 
64.9 
46.3 
15.4 
28.9 
14.4 
36.6 
81.3 
92.9 
21.8 
26.0 
79.4 

49.9 
55.0 
45.7 
24.5 
8.4 
7.6 
9.3 
4.2 
53.3 
48.3 
17.7 
31.3 
8.4 
40.6 
83.0 
95.7 
27.1 
38.1 
79.6 

57.5 
57.5 
57.5 
24.0 
11.1 
9.2 
5.5 
1.8 
59.2 
53.7 
20.3 
33.3 
9.2 
48.1 
85.1 
98.1 
35.1 
25.9 
74.0 

42.4 
47.4 
57. 
22. 
9. 
17. 
22. 
2. 
59.9 
59.9 
14.9 
32.4 
4.9 
32.4 
94.9 
100.0 
32.4 
37.4 
79.9 

8.1 
43.2 
59.4 
24.3 
13.5 
13.5 
16.2 
2.7 
45.9 
59.4 
8.1 
18.9 
10.8 
62.1 
97.2 
97.2 
45.9 
54.0 
91.8 

Clubs  or  Lodges  
Church  or  Synagogue 

26.5 
60.9 
20.3 

4.6 
17.1 
18.1 
21.8 
60.9 
34.3 
24.9 
28.1 
15.6 
24.9 
67.1 
81.2 
18.7 
40.6 
78.1 

Public  Lecture  

Art  Galleries 

Library  

Private  Study 

Night  School  

Motion  Pictures 

Theatres  

Dance 

Saloon  

Pool          .              .                .        . 

Cards 

With  Family  

Newspapers 

Magazines  
Books 

Friends  

For  example,  it  is  clear  that  the  group  of  men  in  the  "$25.— 
$29.99"  wage  class  more  largely  attended  the  Labor  Union  meetings 
than  all  others;  the  "$20.-$24.99"  group  second;  the  "$30.-$34.99" 
group  third;  while  there  was  no  report  from  the  group  "Under  $10." 

At  Night  Schools  it  is  apparent  that  as  the  wages  increased  the 
number  of  men  in  attendance  diminished.  The  group  receiving 
wages  "Under  $10"  reported  by  far  the  largest  number  of  men  at 
Night  Schools,  21.8%,  as  compared  with  1.8%  in  the  "$25.-$29.99" 
group. 

(See  Table  22  on  following  page.) 

On  the  basis  of  the  total  number  of  visits  or  choices  made  by 
men  in  the  different  Wage  Groups,  the  percentages  in  Table  22 
show  the  popularity  of  the  various  social  and  other  agencies. 

41 


42 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  22 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  was  used  by  men  in  each  Wage 
Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices  of  the  specified 
social  and  other  agencies. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

Under 
$10 

$10— 
14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35— 
over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union. 

1.8 
6.0 
7.0 
3.8 
1.0 
2.2 
2.6 
1.6 
8.3 
5.8 
2.7 
5.5 
2.3 
4.8 
11.7 
13.1 
3.6 
4.7 
11.5 

4.1 
7.0 
7.4 
3.1 
.7 
1.5 
1.6 
1.2 
9.4 
6.7 
2.2 
4.2 
2.1 
5.3 
11.7 
13.4 
3.1 
3.8 
11.5 

6.9 
7.6 
6.3 
3.4 
1.2 
1.0 
1.3 
.6 
7.3 
6.6 
2.4 
4.3 
1.2 
5.6 
11.4 
13.1 
3.7 
5.2 
10.9 

7.5 
7.5 
7.5 
3.1 
1.5 
1.2 
.7 
.2 
7.7 
7.0 
2.7 
4.3 
1.2 
6.3 
11.1 
12.8 
4.6 
3.4 
9.7 

5.5 
6.2 
7.4 
2.9 
1.3 
2.3 
2.9 
.3 
7.8 
7.8 
1.9 
4.2 
.6 
4.2 
12.3 
12.9 
4.2 
4.9 
10.4 

1.1 
5.6 
7.7 
3.1 
1.8 
1.8 
2.1 
.4 
5.9 
7.7 
1.0 
2.4 
1.4 
8.0 
12.6 
12.6 
5.9 
7.0 
11.9 

Clubs  or  Lodges 

4.1 
9.4 
3.2 
.7 
2.7 
2.9 
3.4 
9.4 
5.3 
3.9 
4.4 
2.4 
3.9 
10.4 
12.6 
2.9 
6.3 
12.1 

Church  or  Synagogue  
Public  Lectures 

Art  Galleries  

Library  .    . 

Private  Study 

Night  School  

Motion  Pictures 

Theatre  

Dance  

Saloon 

Pool  

Cards       .    . 

With  Family  

Newspaper      

Magazine 

Books  

Friends  

The  Church  and  Synagogue  have  more  visits  from  men  in  the 
"Under  $10"  group  than  from  any  other  group;  likewise,  this 
lowest  paid  group  report  a  larger  attendance  at  Libraries,  Private 
Study  (same  as  "$30-34.99"),  Night  Schools,  Motion  Pictures, 
Dances,  Pool,  and  visiting  Friends.  The  indication  is  that  greater 
ambition  and  desire  to  better  their  condition  in  life  prompts  them 
to  study,  while  the  recreation  they  make  most  use  of  is  that  nearest 
at  hand  and  cheapest  in  price.  The  "Under  $10"  group  is  second 
highest  in  number  of  visits  made  to  the  Saloon. 

With  the  highest  paid  group,  "$35  and  Over,"  it  is  noticeable 
that  they  have  the  largest  attendance  at  Art  Galleries,  in  playing 
Cards,  with  Family,  and  in  reading  Magazines  and  Books.  Thus, 
out  of  the  nineteen  specified  ways  of  spending  spare  time,  thirteen 
of  them  have  the  highest  percentage  of  attendance  of  men  from  the 
"Under  $10"  group  and  the  "$35  and  Over"  group.  Eight  noted 
in  the  "Under  $10"  group,  with  five  from  the  "$35  and  Over" 
group.  The  popularity  of  ways  of  spending  spare  time  for  the 
Wage  Groups  between  these  two  extremes  is  interesting  and  can 
be  readily  observed  by  a  glance  at  the  table. 

(See  Table  23  on  following  page.) 

The  actual  number  of  hours  spent,  according  to  the  specified 
Wage  Groups,  is  given  by  percentages  in  Table  23. 

The  first  fact  to  be  observed  is  the  large  amount  of  time  spent 
by  all  Wage  Groups  with  the  Family.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the 


WAGE  AND  SPARE  TIME 


43 


curve  of  an  increasing  number  of  hours  with  family  from  the  lowest 
paid  group  to  the  groups  receiving  the  highest  wages. 

TABLE  23 

Percentage  of  spare  time  spent  for  various  purposes  during  one  week  by  men  in  speci- 
fied Wage  Groups. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

Under 
$10. 

$10— 
$14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35— 
over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Labor  Union  
Clubs  or  Lodges 

'"3.3 

2.8 
1.5 
.2 
1.2 
3.9 
4.0 
4.8 
2.4 
2.3 
5.1 
1.6 
3.9 
35.5 
11.1 
2.0 
5.5 
8.9 

.7 
3.6 
2.4 
1.6 
.2 
1.0 
2.7 
2.0 
4.4 
2.8 
1.4 
5.8 
1.0 
4.2 
40.0 
13.9 
1.8 
3.7 
6.8 

1.3 
4.0 
2.1 
1.0 
.2 
.7 
1.5 
1.3 
5.4 
2.8 
1.4 
3.9 
1.2 
4.5 
41.7 
15.7 
1.3 
2.5 
7.5 

2.5 
5.7 
1.6 
1.0 
.3 
.6 
1.3 
.5 
3.6 
2.5 
1.2 
2.0 
.6 
4.9 
44.3 
16.3 
1.5 
2.9 
6.7 

2.9 
5.2 
2.8 
1.0 
.3 
.8 
.3 
.3 
3.7 
3.8 
1.5 
3.1 
1.0 
5.6 
41.0 
15.7 
2.6 
2.0 
6.4 

2.0 
3.5 
2.5 
1.0 
.3 
.8 
2.5 
.5 
3.1 
2.6 
.3 
2.7 
.1 
2.7 
48.4 
15.3 
1.9 
3.3 
6.5 

.3 

2.6 
1.3 
1.1 
.2 
1.9 
3.0 
.4 
2.5 
2.6 

2^5 
1.5 
8.7 
46.5 
14.4 
2.8 
3.4 
4.2 

Church  or  Synagogue  
Public  Lecture              .                .    . 

Art  Galleries  

Library          

Private  Study 

Night  School  
Motion  Pictures 

Theatre  

Dance                        ....        

Saloon 

Pool  
Cards 

With  Family  

Newspaper                    .    .                    

Magazine  

Books.            

Friends  

This  table  shows  that  men  in  the  "$35  and  Over"  group  spend 
more  spare  hours  at  Libraries  than  the  "Under  $10,"  group,  tho 
the  percentage  of  visits  in  Table  22  was  less  with  the  higher 
paid  group. 

Spare  time  spent  at  the  Saloon  decreases  as  the  wages  increase ; 
5.8%  in  the  "$10-$14.99"  group,  with  2.5%  in  the  "$35  and  Over" 
group. 

Motion  Pictures  were  most  popular  with  "$15. -$19. 99"  group, 
the  spare  time  spent  being  5.4%;  while  with  the  men  in  the  "$35 
and  Over"  group  the  rate  was  only  2.5%.  The  "$25-$29.99"  group 
spent  the  most  spare  time  at  Theatres,  the  percentage  being  3.8%; 
while  men  in  the  "Under  $10"  group  spent  the  least,  2.4%. 

Clubs  and  Lodges  received  most  attention  from  men  in  the 
groups  "$20-$24.99"  and  "$25-$29.99,"  which  was  likewise  the 
case  in  reading  the  Newspapers. 


VII 

WHAT  MEN  USUALLY  DO  ON  CERTAIN  DAYS 
AND  DURING  CERTAIN  HOURS 

FROM  the  following  tables  a  picture  is  secured  of  what  1,065 
men  usually  do  on  certain  days  and  during  certain  hours. 
The  variety  of  human  choices  entered  into  the  answers  that  were 
given  and  these  had  to  be  reduced  for  statistical  purposes  to  gen- 
eral or  inclusive  headings  used  in  the  tables.  In  order  that  each 
one  of  the  headings  may  have  their  full  meaning  given  to  them,  the 
following  list  represents  the  46  usual  ways  of  spending  spare  time 
taken  from  the  schedules  and  grouped  under  13  specified  headings. 

(See  Table  24  on  following  page.) 

WAYS  IN  WHICH    1,065  MEN  USUALLY  SPEND  THEIR  TIME  ON 
CERTAIN  SPECIFIED  DAYS  AND  DURING  CERTAIN  HOURS 


WORK 

HOME 

READING 

STUDYING 

SALOON 

FRIENDS 

Home 

Reading  Paper 

Night  School 

Drink 

Housework 

Read.  Bks.,  etc, 

Study 

Saloon 

CHURCH  & 

Sleep 

Writing 

Library 

Cafe 

SYNAGOGUE 

Rest 

Music 

WALKING 

With  Fam. 

Museum 

Bed 

ATHLETIC  GAMES 

MEETINGS 

THEATRE 

INDOOR  PLEASURE 

AND  EXERCISE 

EXCURSIONS 

Pub.  Lect. 

Mov.  Pict. 

Cards 

Baseball 

Excursions 

Labor  Union 

Theatre 

Pool 

Gymnasium 

Country 

Clubs 

Concert 

Bowling 

Trolley  Ridg. 

Outings 

Lodges 

Opera 

Dance 

Bicycle  Ridg. 

Picnics 

Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Swimming 

Fishing 

Boating 

Percentages  are  given  in  Tables  24  and  25  for  comparison  of 
men  working  different  hours  of  labor  per  day.  In  Table  24  it  will 
be  observed  at  once  that  men  in  the  shorter  Hour  Groups  do  very 
little  work  "Between  Supper  and  Bed  Time,"  on  "Sundays"  and 
"Holidays,"  while  the  longer  working  groups  cite  work  in  all  cases 
as  a  dominating  factor. 

1.  What  men  usually  do  from  Supper  to  Bed  Time. 
The  8-9,  9-10  hour  men  spend  more  spare  time  than  men  work- 
ing a  greater  number  of  hours  in  the  following  ways,  arranged  in 

45 


46  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

•8 


i 
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Ways  most  Profitabl 
to  spend  Spare  Tim 


c 

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13 


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USE  OF  CERTAIN  DAYS  AND  HOURS  47 

their  relative  order:  Reading,  attending  Meetings  (8-9  hour), 
Walking,  Theatres,  (8-9  hour)  visiting  Friends,  Studying  and  on 
Excursions. 

The  10-11,  11  hour  and  over  men  have  the  highest  percentage 
of  time  spent  at  Home,  Work,  Indoor  Pleasures,  and  Saloon. 

The  explanation  of  these  facts  is  virtually  a  truism,  namely 
that  with  the  increasing  longer  workday  the  available  amount  of 
spare  time  for  recreational  purposes  steadily  decreases. 

2.  What  men  usually  do  on  Saturday  afternoons. 

Work  is  the  chief  occupation  with  a  third  of  the  8-9  hour  men 
and  with  nearly  a  half  of  the  9-10,  10-11  hour  men,  increasing  to 
about  three-fourths  of  the  11  hour  and  over  men. 

After  Work,  staying  at  Home  is  the  way  the  majority  of  men 
for  all  Hour  Groups  spend  their  time.  Then  follows  in  order  the 
customary  habits  of  the  different  groups  of  men  influenced  by  their 
Hours  of  Labor.  Men  working  the  shorter  number  of  hours  en- 
gage in  more  varied  ways  of  spending  spare  time,  while  the  longer 
working  groups  move  in  a  more  and  more  restricted  circle.  The 
table  readily  conveys  this  impression. 

3.  What  men  usually  do  on  Sundays. 

Sunday  Work  is  seen  to  be  the  lot  of  but  a  small  percentage  of 
the  8-9  hour  men,  tho  it  increases  regularly  in  numbers  of  men  as 
the  hours  of  labor  increase.  Visiting  Friends,  staying  at  Home,  and 
Reading  are  the  chief  ways  most  men  of  all  groups  spend  their  Sun- 
days. Attending  Theatres,  which  includes  Motion  Pictures,  Con- 
certs, etc.  (see  list),  and  going  to  Church,  are  the  next  items  of  general 
popularity. 

The  striking  fact  about  this  table  is  the  uniformity  of  percent- 
ages for  all  Hour  Groups.  Aside  from  Work,  which  the  10-11  hour 
and  11  hour  and  over  men  are  compelled  to  engage  in  and  which 
reduces  the  available  time  for  rest  and  recreation,  a  notable  like- 
ness in  the  ways  of  spending  Sundays  with  all  groups  of  men  stands 
out  in  bold  relief.  The  principal  ways  of  spending  Sunday,  their 
order  and  similarity  in  the  percentages  given,  can  be  seen  by  looking 
at  the  table  for  these  items:  Visiting  Friends,  Home,  Theatres, 
Church  and  Synagogue,  Walking,  Indoor  Pleasures,  Saloon,  and 
Studying.  No  such  closeness  of  percentages  can  be  found  in 
comparing  ways  of  spending  spare  time  during  week  days  by  the 
same  Hour  Groups.  Decided  curves  of  rise  and  fall  as  the  number 
of  Hours  of  Labor  increased  were  noted  in  former  tables. 


48  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

4.  What  men  usually  do  on  Holidays. 

Visiting  Friends,  staying  Home,  Reading  and  attending  Thea- 
tres are  the  most  popular  ways  of  spending  spare  time  on  Holidays 
with  all  Hour  Groups.  The  attendance  at  Church  and  Saloon  in- 
creases regularly  as  the  hours  of  work  increase.  The  8-9  Hour  Group 
leads  all  others  in  attendance  on  Excursions,  at  Athletic  Games  and 
various  Meetings. 

Indoor  Pleasure  and  the  Saloon  are  most  popular  with  the  11 
hour  and  over  group. 

5.  What  men  consider  most  Profitable  Ways  of  Spending  Spare 
Time. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  with  the  8-9,  9-10  Hour  Groups 
Reading  is  considered  the  most  profitable,  while  with  the  10-11,  11 
hour  and  over  Groups,  staying  at  Home,  has  first  place.  Visiting 
Friends  and  Theatres  are  the  third  and  fourth  choices  with  all  Hour 
Groups;  whereas,  Work,  Excursions,  Church  and  Synagogue  are 
considered  the  least  profitable. 

(See  Table  25  on  following  page.) 

Table  25  gives  the  percentages  within  each  Hour  Group  of  the 
different  ways  men  usually  spend  their  spare  time  on  certain  speci- 
fied days  and  occasions. 

As  men  have  like  wants  and  desires,  the  choices  are  the  same 
for  the  various  Hour  Groups,  tho  differing  in  degree  as  to  percent- 
ages given,  due  probably  to  effects  produced  by  a  shorter  or  longer 
workday.  This  relation  was  noted  in  the  preceding  table. 

In  explanation  of  this  table  one  of  the  Hour  Groups  will  be 
taken  as  an  example  of  the  way  the  other  Hour  Groups  can  be  con- 
sidered. 

Among  the  8-9  hour  men,  it  will  be  seen  that  Work  has  a  per- 
centage of  33.5%  for  Saturday  afternoon;  1.9%  for  Holidays;  and 
1.6%  from  Supper  until  Bed  Time. 

Sunday  is  the  day  on  which  the  highest  number  of  visits  are 
made  with  Friends,  18.5%;  whereas  Saturday  afternoon  is  the  time 
of  the  least  visiting  7.2%.  Saturday  afternoon,  however,  is  the 
Home  abiding  time,  having  the  highest  percentage  of  home  reports 
in  the  8-9  hour  group  at  that  time,  being  15.3%. 

From  Supper  until  Bed  Time,  more  spare  time  is  spent  in 
Reading,  attending  Meetings,  Walking,  Studying,  and  at  Saloons, 
than  on  any  other  of  the  specified  days  or  occasions. 

Theatres  and  Excursions  are  the  most  popular  on  Holidays. 


USE  OF  CERTAIN  DAYS  AND  HOURS 


49 


2 


ln  days  and  during  cert 
ing  to  Hours  of  Labor. 


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50  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

Table  26  makes  it  possible  to  compare  what  1,065  men  usually 
do  on  certain  days  and  during  certain  hours,  grouped  according  to 
their  Occupation. 

1.  What  men  usually  do  from  Supper  until  Bed  Time. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  largest  percentage  of  the  reports 
for  Work  and  staying  Home  are  found  in  the  Merchants  and  Dealers 
Group. 

The  Building  Trades  Group  visit  Friends  most  frequently,  and 
the  Saloon  has  the  greatest  popularity  among  the  Transportation 
men.  The  Professional  Group  has  the  highest  percentage  for 
Studying.  The  Clerical  men  lead  in  attending  various  Meetings  and 
the  Textile  men  lead  in  Walking. 

2.  What  men  usually  do  on  Saturday  afternoons. 

Saturday  afternoon  finds  all  of  the  Occupation  Groups  at  Work. 
The  smallest  percentage  of  the  reports  come  from  the  Textile  Group 
and  the  Building  Trades,  while  the  Merchants  and  Dealers  and 
Transportation  Groups  are  scarcely  able  to  report  anything  but 
Work. 

Since  the  Textile  and  Building  Trades  Groups  work  the  smallest 
amount  of  time,  and  hence  have  more  spare  time  to  use,  they  have 
the  largest  percentage  in  reports  of  leisure  time  spent  at  Home, 
Reading,  at  Theatres,  and  Walking. 

The  Domestic  Group  leads  in  the  percentage  of  visits  to  the 
Saloon. 

3.  What  men  usually  do  on  Sundays. 

Work  is  still  a  prominent  factor  with  most  of  the  Occupation 
Groups.  Metal,  Building  Trades  and  the  Clerical  Groups  have  the 
smallest  percentage  working.  Merchants  and  Dealers  lead  in  Sun- 
day Work,  as  on  Saturday  afternoon.  Visiting  Friends  has  a  strik- 
ing similarity  in  the  percentages  of  the  reports  for  all  Occupation 
Groups. 

Men  in  the  Building  Trade  and  Textile  Groups  have  the  highest 
percentage  for  staying  at  Home,  and  Clerical  men  the  lowest.  The 
Saloon  attracts  more  largely  those  in  the  Transportation  and 
Domestic  Groups,  while  the  Church  is  most  popular  with  the  Mer- 
chants and  Dealers  and  the  Metal  Trades 


USE  OF  CERTAIN  DAYS  AND  HOURS 
TABLE  26 


51 


Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  is  usually  spent  by  men  in 
each  Occupation  Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices 
of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  on  certain  days  and  during  certain  hours. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

USUALLY  DO  FROM  SUPPER  UNTIL  BEDTIME 

1 

! 

1 

6 

1 
c 

1 

si 

II 

ES 

3 
1 

w 

= 

« 

$ 

I 
1 

3 
1 

1 

1 

% 

%        %        %        %        % 

%        % 

% 

Work  
Friends 

9.4 
6.0 
10.8 
20.1 
10.1 
2.6 

15.7 
5.6 
17.5 
16.1 
3.8 
3.1 
4  4 

2.9 
9.7 
6.6 
28.4 
9.5 
.7 

5.2 
8.1 
18.5 
24.9 
2.9 
7.5 
6 

23.7 
8.5 
18.6 
16.9 
6.8 
1.7 

1.6 
11.0 
14.5 
31.9 
2.8 
2.8 
.3 
12.3 
9.5 
5.7 

"7.'6 

1.4 
8.6 
13.8 
36.2 
6.7 
3.8 

'  '4.  '3 
10.5 
4.8 
.9 

"9.  '6 

.7 
9.1 
17.6 
31.5 
5.5 
1.5 

2.8 
10.2 
16.4 
27.5 
6.3 
4.2 
.2 
11.1 
7.9 
4.6 
.5 
.2 
8.1 

Home 

Reading. 

Studying  

Saloon   ...                            

Church  or  Synagogue 

Meetings  

13.4 
12.1 
7.4 

1.3 

10.0 
13.1 

13.5 
9.8 
6.0 
1  l 

3.5 
12.1 
6.3 

3.4 
5.1 
11.9 

4.4 
8.1 
8.4 

.7 

12.5 

Theatres 

Indoor  Pleasures  
Athletic  Games 

Excursions.  . 

.7 
7.4 

'9.4 

'li.'s 

.6 

9.8 

3.4 

Walking  

USUALLY  DO  SATURDAY  AFTERNOONS 

% 

%        %        %    1    %        % 

%        % 

% 

Work 

47.0 

60.2 
6.5 
11.1 
3.7 
g 

48.4 
3.9 
9.4 
7.0 
3  5 

84.8 
2.2 
5.4 
1.1 

94.3 
2.9 

26.3 
12.2 
21.1 
11.3 
1.4 
1.9 

44.9 
8.5 
13.5 
6.8 
1.7 
1.7 

'i.7 

8.5 
1.7 
5.9 
1.7 
3.4 

21.9 
14.7 
17.0 
10.2 
1.8 
1.8 
2.2 
2.7 
10.7 
4.5 
3.6 

45.1 
6.7 
11.5 
9.1 
2.8 
1.8 
.7 
2.8 
7.0 
2.4 
2.8 
.7 
6.6 

Friends  

Home  

10.9 
3.6 

4  8 

Reading 

Studying  

Saloon 

1.2 

"2.  '4 

4.8 
7.2 
10.9 
2.4 
4.8 

2.8 
5.5 

"3.'7 
1.9 

".9 
2.8 

.4 
.4 
1.2 
8.2 
7.0 
1.2 
2.7 
6.7 

Church  or  Synagogue  . 

Meetings 

1.4 
8.9 
4.2 
3.8 

'Y.5 

Theatres  

2.8 

Indoor  Pleasures 

Athletic  Games  
Excursions 

3.3 

1.1 
2.1 

Walking  

8.9 

USUALLY  DO  SUNDAYS 

% 

% 

%        %    1    %        %        %        % 

% 

Work  

12.7 
15.8 
10.1 
13.9 
3.2 

16.3 
14.1 
12.9 
6.2 
.6 
3.9 
11.2 
1.7 
12.9 
11.2 
.6 

3.8 

19.1 
8.9 
14.9 
2.4 
.8 
8.9 
8.3 
11.3 
7.6 
4.6 
2.6 
6.8 

12.0 
18.0 
13.7 
10.9 
.6 
4.9 
9.8 
2.2 
9.8 
7.7 
3.8 
.6 
6.0 

26.7 
17.4 
12.8 
9.3 

'i4.6 

1.2 
7.0 
2.3 
1.2 

"s.'i 

1.9 
18.2 
17.6 
15.5 
.5 
1.9 
9.4 
6.4 
7.5 
5.6 
2.4 
4.0 
9.1 

1.2 
19.6 
16.3 
11.2 
2.1 
.8 
12.5 
3.8 
12.9 
5.0 
4.6 
2.1 
7.9 

17.5 
19.4 
17.5 
12.4 
1.8 
1.1 
3.3 
1.8 
12.4 
6.6 

4^8 

8.0 
19.0 
14.5 
10.9 
.8 
2.1 
10.3 
4.1 
11.1 
7.8 
1.6 
1.4 
8.4 

Friends 

Home  

Reading. 

Studying  

Saloon  

Church  or  Synagogue  

5.7 
4.4 
10.1 
8.9 
5.1 
1  9 

Meetings  

Theatres 

Indoor  Pleasures  

Athletic  Games 

Excursions..  .  . 

Walking  

8.2 

8.4 

USUALLY  DO  ON  HOLIDAYS 

%        %        %        %        %        % 

%        %        % 

Work 

9.2 
18.4 
15.3 
10.2 
5.1 
3.1 

3  i 

18.6 
14.0 
10.9 
3.9 

"5.  '4 
10.9 

1.3 
17.3 
10.1 
15.3 
2.3 
.5 
5.4 
5.2 
13.4 
8.31 
4.9 
8.5 
7.5 

7.1 
22.0 
14.2 
5.5 
.8 
4.7 
11.0 
3.2 
12.6 
7.9 
4.7 
3.1 
3.2 

2.3 
17.0 
10.2 
8.0 

'  5.  '7 
17.0 
1.1 
11.4 
14.8 

2^3 
10.2 

16.7 
17.4 
13.4 
2.2 
2.5 
5.8 
4.7 
9.8 
4.7 
4.4 
10.1 
8.3 

1.1 
17.9 
18.4 
8.4 
2.6 
2.6 
6.3 
2.1 
13.7 
4.2 
4.8 
12.1 
5.8 

18.1 
16.9 
8.5 
2.7 
1.6 
15.8 
1.9 
14.6 
6.9 
1.9 
1.9 
9.2 

3.5 
19.8 
16.3 
11.8 
1.3 
3.0 
9.4 
3.7 
12.6 
4.5 
2.1 
5.6 
6.4 

Friends  

Home.   . 

Reading  

Studing  .... 

Saloon 

Church  or  Synagogue 

Meetings 

Theatres  

12.2 
7.1 
4  1 

11.6 
12.4 

Indoor  Pleasures 

Athletic  Games  

Excursions.  . 

5.1 

7.1 

2.3 

10.0 

Walking  

52 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  is  usually  spent  by  men  in 
each  Occupation  Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits  to  or  choices 
of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  on  certain  days  and  during  certain  hours. 


SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

WAYS  MOST  PROFITABLE  TO  SPEND  SPARE  TIME 

1 

' 
1 

B 

u 

M 

1 

1 

1 
I 

s 

'3 

« 

! 

% 

I 

| 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Work  

4.7 
11.3 
17.0 
12.3 
12.3 
1.9 

4.6 
11.1 
22.2 
18.5 
3.7 
1.9 
.9 
1.9 
13.9 
16.7 

.7 
12.5 
10.6 
23.7 
13.2 
.7 
1.3 
7.6 
8.9 
8.9 
2.3 
1  7 

.8 
15.1 
18.2 
15.9 
4.6 
9.1 
.8 
4.5 
12.1 
13.6 
3.0 

4.7 
14.0 
23.2 
27.9 

"2!3 

"i.'7 
16.3 

"2.3 
4.6 

1.1 
17.0 
15.3 
25.6 
8.0 
3.4 
.6 
5.7 
9.7 
4.5 
1.7 
2.9 
4.5 

1.8 
16.7 
21.0 
14.9 
15.8 
2.6 

"5.'3 
12.3 
4.4 
2.6 

"2.  & 

1.0 
13.9 
18.2 
22.0 
7.6 
1.4 
.5 
6.7 
12.0 
10.5 
.9 
.5 
4.8 

.8 
16.2 
19.6 
24.2 
9.2 
2.3 
1.2 
6.5 
8.8 
3.5 
2.7 
1.2 
3.8 

Friends  .... 

Home. 

Reading  

Studying  

Saloon  

Church  or  Synagogue  

Meetings  

7.5 
12.2 
10.4 
2.8 
1  9 

Theatres 

Indoor  Pleasures  

Athletic  Games 

Excursions.  . 

Walking  

5.7 

4.6 

7.9 

2.3 

4.  PT^a/  wew  usually  do  on  Holidays. 

In  this  table  Work  is  of  least  consideration  with  most  of  the 
Occupation  Groups,  tho  the  Domestic  Group  has  a  very  high  per- 
centage so  engaged.  The  percentage  of  visits  with  Friends  is  nearly 
the  same  for  all  Groups.  The  "Home  men"  and  the  Excursionists 
report  the  largest  percentages  from  the  Metal  and  Building  Trades, 
while  frequenters  of  the  Saloon  and  participators  of  Indoor  Pleasures 
take  precedence  among  the  Merchants  and  Dealers  and  Domestic 
Groups. 

5.  Ways  men  consider  most  Profitable  for  Spending  Spare  Time. 

Home  and  Reading  lead  in  the  choice  of  all  Occupation  Groups 
for  being  the  most  profitable  ways  of  spending  spare  time.  Mer- 
chants and  Dealers  give  the  highest  vote  in  both  cases.  Visiting 
Friends  is  the  third  most  profitable  way  of  spending  spare  time, 
while  the  Church  and  Synagogue  have  the  smallest  vote  of  all  the 
specified  ways. 

The  Transportation  Group  reflects  its  habit  of  life  by  voting 
from  three  to  eight  times  as  great  in  favor  of  the  Saloon  as  any 
other  Occupation  Group. 

Theatres  and  Indoor  Pleasures  are  general  favorites  with  all 
Groups,  while  Work  is  emphasized  by  the  energetic  and  ambitious 
Merchants  and  Dealers,  Professional  and  Domestic  Groups. 


USE  OF  CERTAIN  DAYS  AND  HOURS 


53 


TABLE  27 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  is  usually  spent  by  men  on 
certain  days  and  during  certain  hours  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits 
to  or  choices  of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  according  to  Occupation  Groups. 


PROFESSIONAL 

DOMESTIC 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

i 

|| 

BS 
$< 

1 

1 

CO 

K 

ll 

1! 
11 

ll 
£3 

»§ 
IE 

5s 

1 

1 
3 

& 

h 
II 

£° 

Number  of  men  

51 

97 

%        %       %    \    %       % 

% 

%    %    % 

% 

Work                                   

9.4 
6  0 

47.0 

12.7 
15.8 
10.1 
13.9 

3.2 

9.2 
18.4 
15.3 
10.2 
5.1 
3.1 

"s.i 

12.2 
7.1 
4.1 

5.1 
7.1 

4.7 
11.3 
17.0 
12.3 
12.3 
1.9 

"7!5 
12.2 
10.4 
2.8 
1.9 
5.7 

15.7 
5.6 
17.5 
16.1 
3.8 
3.1 
4.4 
1.3 
10.0 
13.1 

60.2 
6.5 
11.1 
3.7 
.9 
2.8 
5.5 

16.3 
14.1 
12.9 
6.2 
.6 
3.9 
11.2 
1.7 
12.9 
11.2 
6 

18.6 
14.0 
10.9 
3.9 

"5A 
10.9 

'iiie 

12.4 

4.6 
11.1 
22.2 
18.5 
3.7 
1.9 
.9 
1.9 
13.9 
16.7 

Home                            

10.8 
20.1 
10.1 
2.6 

16.  9 
3.6 
4.8 
1.2 

Studying. 

Saloon                                       

5.7 

4.4 
10.1 
8.9 
5.1 
1.9 
8.2 

Meetings                        .        

13.4 
12.1 
7.4 

2.4 
4.8 
7.2 
10.9 
2.4 
4.8 

Theatres 

3.7 
1.9 

Indoor  Pleasure  

.7 
7.4 

9 

2.3 

Walking  

9.4 

2.8 

8.4 

10.0 

4.6 

CLERICAL 

TRANSPORTATION 

Number  of  men  

202 

89 

%        %        %    1    % 

% 

%       %       %    1    % 

% 

Work 

2.9 
9.7 
6.6 
28.4 
9.5 
.7 

48.4 
3.9 
9.4 
7.0 
3.5 
.4 
4 

1.3 

17.3 
10.1 
15.3 
2.3 
.5 
5  4 

3.8 

19.1 
8.9 
14.9 
2.4 
.8 
8  9 

12^5 
10.6 
23.7 
13.2 
.7 
1  3 

5.2 

8.1 
18.5 
24.9 
2.9 
7.5 
6 

84.8 
2.2 
5.4 
1.1 

12.0 
18.0 
13.7 
10.9 
.6 
4.9 
9.8 
2.2 
9.8 
7.7 
3.8 
.6 
6.0 

7.1 
22.0 
14.2 
5.5 
.8 
4.7 
11.0 
3.2 
12.6 
7.9 
4.7 
3.1 
3.2 

.8 
15.1 
18.2 
15.9 
4.6 
9.1 
.8 
4.5 
12.1 
13.6 
3.0 

"2i3 

Friends              

Home 

Reading   

Studying 

Saloon  

Church  or  Synagogue. 

13.5 
9.8 
6.0 
1.1 

1.2 

8.2 
7.0 
1.2 
2.7 
6.7 

5.2 
13.4 
8.3 
4.9 
8.5 
7.5 

8.3 
11.3 
7.6 
4.6 
2.6 
6.8 

7.6 
8.9 
8.9 
2.3 
1.7 
7.9 

3.5 
12.1 
6.3 

"!e 

9.8 

Theatres             .                

Indoor  Pleasure  

"s.'s 

1.1 

2.1 

Athletic  Games         

Walking  

11.8 

MERCHANTS  AND  DEALERS 

BUILDING  TRADES 

Number  of  men  

35 

138 

% 

% 

% 

%        % 

% 

%        %        % 

% 

Work.                    

23.7 
8  5 

94.3 

26.7 
17.4 
12.8 
9.3 

2.3 
17.0 
10.2 
8.0 

"s^ 

17.0 
1  i 

4.7 
14.0 
23.2 
27.9 

"2."3 

1.6 
11.0 
14.5 
31.9 
2.8 
2.8 
.3 
12.3 
9.5 
5.7 

"7.'6 

26.3 
12.2 
21.1 
11.3 
1.4 
1.9 

"i.'i 

8.9 
4.2 
3.8 

"7.  '5 

1.9 
18.2 
17.6 
15.5 
.5 
1.9 
9.4 
6.4 
7.5 
5.6 
2.4 
4.0 
9.1 

16.7 
17.4 
13.4 
2.2 
2.5 
5.8 
4.7 
9.8 
4.7 
4.4 
10.1 
8.3 

1.1 
17.0 
15.3 
25.6 
8.0 
3.4 
.6 
5.7 
9.7 
4.5 
1.7 
2.9 
4.5 

Friends 

Home  

18.6 
16  9 

2.9 

Reading 

Studying  

6.8 

1  7 

Saloon. 

Church  or  Synagogue  

14.6 
1  2 

Meetings 

3  4 

Theatres 

5.1 
11.9 

2.8 

7.0 
2.3 
1  2 

11.4 
14.8 

4.7 
16.3 

2.3 

4.6 

Indoor  Pleasures  

Athletic  Games 

Excursions  

2.3 
10.2 

Walking  

3.4 

8.1 

METAL  TRADES 

TEXTILES 

Number  of  men  

O6 

126 

%        %        % 

%        % 

%        %       %        % 

% 

Work. 

1.4 
8.6 
13.8 
36.2 
6.7 
3.8 

"4.'3 

44.9 
8.5 
13.5 
6.8 
1.7 
1.7 

"i.'7 

1.2 
19.6 
16.3 
11.2 
2.1 
.8 
12.5 
3.8 

1.1 
17.9 
18.4 
8.4 
2.6 
2.6 
6.3 
2.1 

1.8 
16.7 
21.0 
14.9 
15.8 
2.6 
5.3 

.7 
9.1 
17.6 
31.5 
5.5 
1.5 

"  '4.'  4 

21.9 
14.7 
17.0 
10.2 
1.8 
1.8 
2.2 
2.7 

17.5 
19.4 
17.5 
12.4 
1.8 
1.1 
3.3 
1.8 

18.1 
16.9 
8.5 
2.7 
1.6 
15.8 
1.9 

1.0 

13.9 
18.2 
22.0 
7.6 
1.4 
.5 
6.7 

Friends  

Home   

Reading 

Studying  

Saloon. 

Church  or  Synagogue  
Meetings  

54 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  spare  time  is  usually  spent  by  men  on 
certain  days  and  during  certain  hours  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  visits 
to  or  choices  of  the  specified  social  and  other  agencies  according  to  Occupation  Groups. 


IP 

CO 

SOCIAL  AND  OTHER  AGENCIES 

i 

>,§ 

g 

jy  ** 

1 

£S 

£ 

09 

s 

3s 

|i 

|| 

1 

rt 

•H 

*o 

«g   03* 

P 

|| 

1 

1 

3 

sa 

o  ro 

w2 

w< 

w 

» 

£<2 

w2 

c/S<i 

i 

a 

£^ 

METAL  TRADES 

TEXTILES 

Number  of  men  

Q.6 

J2<5 

%    \    % 

% 

% 

% 

%       % 

% 

%  i  % 

Theatres  

10  5 

8  5 

12  9 

13  7 

12  3 

8  1 

10  7 

12  4 

14  6 

12.0 

Indoor  Pleasures  

4.8 

1.7 

5.0 

4  2 

4.4 

8,4 

4.5 

6.6 

6.9 

10.5 

Athletic  Games 

9 

5  9 

4  6 

4  8 

2  6 

7 

3  6 

7 

1.9 

.9 

Excursions 

1  7 

2  1 

12  1 

7 

1  9 

.5 

Walking  

9.6 

3.4 

7.9 

5.8 

2.6 

12.5 

8.9 

4.8 

9.2 

4.8 

M ISCELLANEOUS 


Number  of  men . 


132 


% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Work  

2  8 

45  1 

8  0 

3.5 

.8 

Friends 

10  2 

6  7 

19  0 

19  8 

16  2 

Home  .                                           

16  4 

11  5 

14  5 

16.3 

19.6 

Reading 

27  5 

9  1 

10  9 

11  8 

24  2 

Studying  

6.3 

2  8 

.8 

1.3 

9.2 

Saloon  .... 

4  2 

1  8 

2  1 

3  0 

2.3 

Church  or  Synagogue  

.2 

.7 

10.3 

9.4 

1.2 

Meetings   ... 

11  1 

2  8 

4  1 

3  7 

6.5 

Theatres  

7.9 

7.0 

11.1 

12.6 

8.8 

Indoor  Pleasures 

4  6 

2  4 

7  8 

4  5 

3.5 

Athletic  Games  

.5 

2.8 

1.6 

2.1 

2.7 

Excursions  

2 

7 

1  4 

5  6 

1.2 

Walking  

8.1 

6.6 

8.4 

6.4 

3.8 

In  Table  27  we  have  the  comparison  within  each  Occupation 
Group  of  the  different  ways  men  usually  spend  their  spare  time  on 
certain  days  and  during  certain  hours. 

Within  the  Domestic  Group,  Work  on  Saturday  afternoon  is 
seen  to  have  the  highest  percentage.  Sunday  afforded  the  time  for 
the  most  visiting  among  Friends,  most  attendance  at  Church  and 
Synagogue,  as  well  as  at  Theatres.  From  Supper  until  Bed  Time 
the  greatest  popularity  of  Home,  Reading  and  Indoor  Pleasures 
is  indicated  by  the  reports;  whereas  on  Holidays  the  favorite  ways 
of  spending  spare  time  as  compared  with  the  other  days  and  oc- 
casions are  Walking,  going  on  Excursions,  and  visiting  the  Saloon. 


VIII 


PERSONAL  HABITS  AND  SOCIAL  INTERCOURSE 

THIS  table  gives  the  percentage  of  866  men  eating  at  Noon  at 
Restaurant,  Home,  Saloon  and  place  of  Work,  according  to 
Hours  of  Labor.  The  question  in  the  schedule  was  not  made  suffi- 
ciently plain  regarding  the  eating  at  Restaurants,  for  the  term 
restaurant  is  a  general  one  including  in  its  scope  cafe,  saloon,  and 
eating  places  where  liquors  are  not  sold.  To  what  extent  the  propor- 
tion of  answers  given  for  restaurant  were  meant  to  indicate  one  of 
these  three  places,  the  facts  are  not  in  evidence.  However,  with  this 
understanding  of  the  word  restaurant,  the  percentages  are  never- 
theless interesting  for  comparison. 

TABLE  28 

Percentage  of  men  eating  at  noon  at  restaurant,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  specified  Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS 

PER  DAY 

EATING  PLACES 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11  &  over 

Number  of  men  

308 

288 

134 

136 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Restaurant  
Home. 

58.8 
12  3 

42.0 
12  2 

35.8 
19  4 

25.0 
24  2 

Saloon  

9  4 

11  1 

11  2 

11  8 

Place  of  Work 

19  5 

34  7 

33  6 

39  0 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

For  instance,  it  is  striking  to  note  that  over  one-half  of  the  8-9 
hour  group  of  men,  58.8%  eat  at  Restaurants  and  that  as  the  hours 
of  work  increase  per  day,  the  percentage  of  men  decreases,  the  11 
hour  and  over  men  reporting  25.0%. 

Place  of  Work  comes  second  as  the  eating  place  at  Noon  with 
all  of  the  Hour  Groups,  tho  as  the  hours  of  labor  increase  the  per- 
centage of  men  eating  at  their  work  increases,  being  19.5%  with 
the  8-9  hour  group  and  39.0%  with  the  11  hour  and  over  group. 

Home  and  Saloon  have  the  same  indication  of  popularity, — 
namely,  that  with  the  constant  rise  in  numbers  of  hours  of  work, 
the  percentage  of  men  steadily  increases  in  choice  of  Home  and  Sa- 
loon as  their  Noon  eating  places.  The  percentages  at  Home  are 
12.3%  for  the  8-9  hour  group  and  24.2%  for  the  11  hour  and  over 
group;  at  Saloon,  9.4%  in  the  8-9  hour  group  and  11.8%  in  the  11 
hour  and  over  group. 

55 


56 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  29  V 

Percentage  of  men  eating  at  noon  at  restaurant,  etc.,  ac- 
cording to  specified  Occupation  Groups. 


c 

fi 

<«, 

3 

o 

OCCUPATION  GROUPS 

S 

g 

11 

rt 

3 

4 

&<£ 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Professional  

61.4 

22.7 

6.8 

9.1 

Domestic 

24  7 

18  5 

6  2 

50  6 

Clerical  

66.8 

15.5 

2.2 

15.5 

Transportation 

37  1 

22  9 

18  6 

21  4 

Merchants  and  Dealers  

24.2 

30.3 

15.2 

30.3 

Building  Trades. 

44  8 

11  4 

12  4 

31  4 

Metal  Trades  

40.5 

4.1 

29.7 

25.7 

Textiles 

43  8 

14  1 

4  1 

38  0 

Miscellaneous  

33.2 

13.4 

14.0 

39.4 

Remembering  the  inclusive  character  of  restaurant  as  meaning 
either  cafe,  or  saloon,  or  eating  place  without  liqours  attached,  we 
have  in  this  table  the  percentage  of  men  eating  at  Noon  at  Res- 
taurant, Home,  Saloon,  and  Place  of  Work,  according  to  Occupation 
Groups. 

Restaurant  is  seen  to  be  most  popular  with  men  in  the  Clerical 
and  Professional  Groups.  Place  of  Work  has  the  highest  percentage 
of  men  reporting  in  the  Domestic,  Miscellaneous,  and  Textile  Groups. 
The  number  of  men  is  the  same  in  the  Merchants  and  Dealers 
Group,  reporting  Place  of  Work  and  Home  as  their  noon  eating 
place. 

The  Saloon  is  most  popular  with  men  in  the  Metal  Trades, 
Transportation,  Merchants  and  Dealers  and  Miscellaneous  Groups, 
having  the  smallest  percentage  of  men  in  the  Clerical  Group. 

TABLE  30 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  report  eating 
at  noon  at  restaurant,  etc. 


EATING  PLACES 

Men 

% 

Restaurant 

384 

44  4 

Home  

132 

15  2 

Saloon   . 

92 

10  6 

Place  of  Work  

258 

29  8 

866 

100% 

Table  30  gives  in  condensed  form  the  relative  popularity  of 
the  specified  places  of  eating  at  Noon,  irrespective  of  Hours  of 
Labor  and  Occupation. 

Among  866  men,  44.4%  eat  at  Restaurants,  29.8%  at  Place  of 
Work,  with  Home  and  Saloon  having  the  smallest  percentage. 


PERSONAL  HABITS  AND  SOCIAL  INTERCOURSE 


57 


TABLE  31 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  report  a  separ- 
ate place  provided  in  shop  for  eating. 


REPORTS 

MEN 

% 

Yes. 

127 

16.6 

No 

638 

83  4 

765 

100% 

Out  of  the  answers  which  765  men  gave  to  the  question  "Is 
there  a  separate  place  provided  in  the  shop  where  you  may  eat  at 
Noon,"  638  men  or  83.4%,  gave  "No"  as  their  answer,  while  16.6% 
answered  in  the  affirmative. 

TABLE  32 

Percentage  of  men  who  drink  liquor  at  noon  hour  according 
to  specified  Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS  PER  DAY 


REPORTS 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11  &  over 

Number  of  men 

261 

254 

116 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Yes. 

50  6 

47  6 

52  6 

59  7 

No  

49.4 

52  4 

47  4 

40  3 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

This  table  represents  the  answers  given  by  745  men  to  the 
question  "Do  you  drink  liquor  at  Noon?"  arranged  according  to 
Hours  of  Labor.  The  fact  is  brought  out  that  one-half  or  more  of 
the  men  in  all  Hour  Groups  drink  liquor  at  noon,  the  9-10  hour 
men  being  the  exception,  having  the  lowest  percentage  of  47.6%. 
The  tendency  is  also  shown  to  be  one  of  an  increasing  use  of  liquor 
at  noon  as  the  number  of  Hours  of  Labor  increase. 

The  8-9  hour  group  of  men  reported  50.6%  as  drinking  liquor 
at  Noon,  while  the  proportion  is  59.7%  for  the  11  hour  and  over 
group. 

TABLE  33 

Percentage  of  Men  who  drink  liquor  at  noon  hour  according 
to  Occupation  Groups. 


OCCUPATION  GROUPS 

YES 

No 

% 

% 

Professional 

35  \ 

64  9 

Domestic  

57  3 

42  7 

Clerical 

29  9 

70  1 

Transportation  

69  7 

30  3 

Merchants 

76  2 

23  8 

Building  Trades  

72  1 

27  9 

Metal  Trades 

59  1 

40  9 

Textiles 

37  g 

62  2 

Miscellaneous  

56^6 

43^4 

58 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


The  percentages  are  given  in  this  table  of  the  answers  to  the 
question  "Do  you  drink  liquor  at  Noon?"  from  745  men  grouped  ac- 
cording to  their  Occupation.  The  largest  percentage  answering 
"Yes"  are  from  the  Merchants  and  Dealers,  Building  Trades  and 
Transportation  Groups;  while  the  "No"  column  has  the  highest  re- 
turns from  the  Clerical,  Professional,  and  Textile  Groups. 


TABLE  34 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  report  drinking 
liquor  at  noon. 


REPORTS 

MEN 

% 

Yes... 

382 

51  3 

No  

363 

48.7 

745 

100% 

The  combined  grouping  of  men,  irrespective  of  Hours  of  Labor 
and  Occupation  in  table  34  shows  that  51.3%  of  745  men  answered 
"Yes"  to  the  question  "Do  you  drink  liquor  at  noon?"  while  48.7% 
answered  "No." 


TABLE  35 

Percentage  of  men  who  drink  liquor  before  work  accord- 
ing to  specified  Hours  of  Labor 


rlOURS  PE 

R  DAY 

REPORTS 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

Hand 
Over 

Number  of  men  

247 

247 

no 

IOQ 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Yes... 

10  1 

17  0 

14  5 

19  3 

No... 

89  9 

83  0 

85  5 

80  7 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

Table  35  indicates  more  clearly  than  Table  32  a  difference  be- 
tween men  working  various  Hours  of  Labor  per  day.  The  question 
was  asked  "Do  you  drink  liquor  before  going  to  work?"  O 
713  answers  that  were  given  10.1%  of  the  8-9  hour  men,  as  compared 
with  19.3%  of  the  11  hour  and  over  group,  stated  "Yes."  Thus 
the  percentage  of  men  who  do  not  drink  liquor  before  work  is  seen 
to  be  large,  89.9%  for  the  8-9  hour  group  of  men  and  80.7%  for 
the  11  hour  and  over  group. 


PERSONAL  HABITS  AND  SOCIAL  INTERCOURSE 


59 


TABLE  36    -' 

Percentage  of  men  who  drink  liquor  before  work  according 
to  Occupation  Groups. 


OCCUPATION  GROUPS 

Yes 

No 

% 

% 

Professional    

13.9 

86.1 

Domestic 

16  0 

84  0 

Clerical 

4  2 

95  8 

Transportation.         .                            

27  4 

72.6 

Merchants 

27  8 

72  2 

Building  Trades  

16.3 

83.7 

Metal  Trades 

12  3 

87.7 

Textiles  

13.3 

86.7 

Miscellaneous  

18.5 

81.5 

This  table  shows  the  effect  of  Occupation  on  713  men  who 
answered  the  question,  "Do  you  drink  liquor  before  going  to  work?" 
It  is  seen  that  about  85%  of  the  men  in  six  of  the  Occupation 
Groups  gave  "No"  as  their  answer,  while  27.8%  of  the  Merchants 
and  Dealers,  27.4%  of  the  Transportation  Group  stated  that  they 
did  drink  before  going  to  work.  The  Clerical  had  the  smallest  per- 
centage answering  "Yes,"  being  4.2%. 

TABLE  37 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  report  drink- 
ing liquor  before  work. 


REPORTS 

MEN 

% 

Yes... 

104 

14.6 

No   

609 

85  4 

713 

100% 

In  this  table  the  answers  to  the  question  "Do  you  drink  liquor 
before  going  to  work?"  made  by  713  men,  have  been  combined 
irrespective  of  Hours  of  Labor  and  Occupation.  The  fact  is  brought 
out  that  609  men,  or  85.4%,  answered  "No,"  while  14.6%  answered 
"Yes." 

TABLE  38    ^ 

Percentage   of  the  total  number  of  men  who  report   re- 
creational facilities  provided  by  employer. 


REPORTS 

MEN 

% 

Yes... 

33 

4  9 

No 

644 

95  1 

677 

100% 

Table  38  represents  the  "Yes"  and  "No"  answers  made  by  677 
men  to  the  question,  "Are  recreational  facilities  provided  by  the 
company  for  which  you  work?"  The  statement  given  is  almost 
unanimous,  95.1%  of  the  men  answering  "No". 


60 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  39  ^ 

Percentage  of  men  who  get  a  vacation  according  to  speci- 
fied Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS 

PER  DAY 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

Hand 
over 

Number  of  men  

304 

287 

132 

137 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Yes. 

41   1 

27  2 

19  7 

12  5 

No  

58  9 

72  8 

80  3 

87  5 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

In  this  table  the  answers  from  860  men  to  the  question  "Do 
you  have  a  vacation?"  are  arranged  according  to  Hours  of  Labor. 

A  striking  relation  is  seen  to  exist  between  the  percentage  of 
men  who  have  a  vacation  and  the  hours  of  work  per  day.  Among 
the  8-9  hour  men,  41.1%  get  a  vacation,  while  the  proportion  of 
men  so  favored  steadily  decreases  as  the  hours  of  labor  increase, 
until  in  the  11  hour  and  over  group  only  12.5%  can  answer  "Yes" 
to  the  question. 

TABLE  40  > 

Percentage  of  men  who  get  a  vacation  according  to  Occu- 
pation Groups. 


YES 

No 

% 

% 

Professional  

48  9 

51  1 

Domestic  

18  8 

81  2 

Clerical 

59  3 

40  7 

Transportation  

15  9 

84  1 

Merchants 

30  3 

69  7 

Building  Trades  

19  4 

80  6 

Metal  Trades  . 

17  1 

82  9 

Textiles  

15  1 

84  9 

Miscellaneous  

18  '.5 

81.5 

In  Table  40,  860  men  are  grouped  according  to  their  Occupa- 
tion, and  those  trades  are  clearly  manifest  in  which  the  men  se- 
cure a  vacation  period.  The  Occupation  Groups  most  favored  are 
the  Clerical  Group,  reporting  59.3%  of  the  men  having  a  vacation; 
Professional  48.9%;  and  Merchants  and  Dealers  30.3%.  The  re- 
maining six  Occupation  Groups  average  between  15%  and  19%  of 
the  men  who  get  a  vacation. 

TABLE  41 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  have  a  vacation. 


REPORTS 

MEN 

% 

Yes... 

246 

Oft     ft 

No 

614 

nA 

860 

100% 

PERSONAL  HABITS  AND  SOCIAL  INTERCOURSE 


61 


Table  41  gives  in  condensed  form,  irrespective  of  Hours  of 
Labor  or  Occupation,  the  proportion  of  860  men  as  28.6%  who  state 
that  they  have  a  vacation,  while  71.4%  receive  no  vacation. 

TABLE  42 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  taking  recreation  with  their 
families  according  to  Hours  of  Labor. 


rlOURS  PE 

R  DAY 

REPORTS 

8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

ll&over 

Number  of  men  

265 

214 

103 

104 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Yes  
No 

65.6 
34  4 

68.7 
31  3 

53.4 
46  6 

74.0 
26.0 

100% 

100% 

100% 

100% 

In  this  table  the  percentages  are  given  of  the  answers  to  the 
question  "Do  you  take  your  recreation  with  or  without  your  family?" 
by  686  men  arranged  according  to  Hours  of  Labor.  The  percent- 
ages show  an  increase  in  the  numbers  of  me'n  answering  "With  their 
families"  as  the  hours  of  work  increase,  tho  in  the  10-11  hour  group 
the  number  is  smaller  than  in  all  others. 


TABLE  43  vX 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  take  recreation 
with  their  families. 


REPORTS 

Men 

% 

Yes... 

453 

66  0 

No  

233 

34.0 

686 

100% 

In  Table  43,  irrespective  of  Hours  of  Labor,  the  686  men  are 
combined,  showing  that  66%  take  their  recreation  with  their  family, 
while  34%  do  not. 

TABLE  44 

Percentage  of  men  who  are  members  of  labor  unions  ac- 
cording to  Occupation  Groups. 


YES 

No 

% 

% 

Professional 

8  5 

91  5 

Domestic  

23  5 

76  5 

Clerical 

3  3 

96  7 

Transportation  

14  5 

85  5 

Merchants  

100 

Building  Trades 

63  9 

36  1 

Metal  Trades  

50  7 

49  3 

Textiles 

56  5 

43  5 

Miscellaneous  

29.8 

70.2 

62 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


Percentages  for  876  men  are  given  in  this  table  indicating 
those  Occupations  most  highly  organized.  The  three  groups  having 
the  highest  percentage  of  men  as  members  of  Labor  Unions  are 
the  Building  Trades,  63.9% ;  Textiles,  56.5% ;  Metal  Trades,  50.7% ; 
while  the  Merchants  and  Dealers  have  no  Labor  Union  members, 
the  Clerical  3.3%,  and  the  Professional  8.5%. 


TABLE  45 


Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  who  are  members 
of  labor  unions. 


REPORTS 

MEN 

% 

Yes. 

262 

29  9 

No 

614 

70  1 

876 

100% 

Table  45  shows  that  out  of  the  876  men  interviewed  29.9% 
reported  being  members  of  some  Labor  Union,  whereas  70.1%  were 
not. 


TABLE  46 

Percentage  of  men  signifying   whether  or  not  there  are  Night   Schools,   Men's 
Clubs,  Social  Centres,  or  Public  Lectures  in  their  immediate  communities. 


NIGHT  SCHOOLS 

MEN'S  CLUBS 

SOCIAL  CENTRES 

Public  Lectures 

Reports 

Men 

% 

Reports 

Men 

% 

Reports 

Men 

% 

Reports. 

Men 

% 

Yes.... 
No  

794 
60 

93.0 
7.0 

Yes.  ... 
No  

649 
179 

78.4 
21.6 

Yes.  ... 
No  

582 
229 

71.7 
28.3 

Yes.. 
No  

783 
75 

91.2 
8.8 

854 

100% 

828 

100% 

811 

100% 

858 

100% 

In  this  table  answers  are  given  to  the  questions  "Are  their 
Night  Schools,  Men's  Clubs,  Social  Centres,  and  Public  Lectures 
in  your  neighborhood?" 

The  interesting  fact  is  brought  out  that  from  71.7%  to  93% 
of  the  men  answer  "Yes"  to  such  questions,  showing  that  they  are 
familiar  with  such  institutions,  whether  they  attend  them  or  not. 

Social  Centers,  the  least  known,  had  71.7%  of  the  men  answer- 
ing "Yes,"  while  Night  Schools  were  the  most  popular  from  the 
affirmative  answer  of  93%  of  the  men. 


PERSONAL  HABITS  AND  SOCIAL  INTERCOURSE 
TABLE  47 

Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  men  arranged  accord- 
ing to  Religious  Faith. 


RELIGIOUS  FAITH 

MEN 

% 

Protestant.                      

232 

26  1 

Catholic 

268 

30  2 

Jewish     .        

351 

39  5 

Others 

37 

4  2 

888 

100% 

63 


Table  47  indicates  the  representative  character  of  the  investiga- 
tion as  to  Religious  Faith.  From  the  reports  made  by  888  men,  the 
proportion  is  about  a  third  for  Protestant,  Catholic,  and  Jewish 
Faiths. 


IX 

THE  RELATION  OF  HOURS  OF  LABOR  TO  THE 
EXPENDITURE  OF  MONEY  FOR  RECREA- 
TION AND  OTHER  PURPOSES 

THE  relation  of  Hours  of  Labor  to  the  Expenditure  of  Money 
for  recreation  and  other  purposes  is  given  in  the  following 
tables  and  comparisons  of  expenditures  are  made  from  the  reports 
of  1,022  men.  Tendencies  will  be  shown,  and  tho  they  may  not  claim 
to  be  general  laws,  yet  they  give  strong  indications  that  are  ex- 
ceedingly interesting  and  have  not  been  thus  summarized  up  to  the 
present  time. 

TABLE  48 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  expenditure  of  money  for  specified  purposes  during 
one  week  according  to  Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS 

PER  DA\ 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

11  and  over 

Number  of  men  

402 

313 

I  Si 

156 

ITEMS 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures  

50.7 

59.4 

65  5 

49  3 

Theatres  

47  3 

41  2 

27  8 

21  1 

Beer. 

55  5 

51  1 

54  3 

52  5 

Wine  

10  2 

8  3 

7  3 

14  7 

Whiskey 

20  1 

21  4 

21  2 

16  6 

Chewing  Tobacco 

11  9 

11  8 

9  9 

9  0 

Smoking  Tobacco   

30  3 

24  3 

23  1 

21  8 

Cigars 

36  5 

23  9 

15  9 

23  7 

Cigarettes  

30  6 

34  8 

44  4 

44  2 

Personal  Contribution  to  Church. 

29  3 

31  0 

46  3 

33  3 

Family  Contribution  to  Church 

17  4 

16  3 

23  1 

22  4 

Self  Life  Insurance  
Family  Life  Insurance  

32.6 
16.9 

31.0 
11.8 

27.1 
18.5 

22.4 
22.4 

Table  48  represents  the  percentage  of  1,022  men  who  reported 
making  expenditures  of  money  during  one  week  for  certain  given 
purposes  according  to  groupings  by  Hours  of  Labor. 

The  base  taken  in  each  case  was  the  number  of  men  found  in 
the  different  groups  according  to  their  Hours  of  Labor,  as  noted  in 
the  table. 

While  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  percentage  of  men  according  to 
the  specified  Hour  Groups  are  not  regular  in  all  cases,  yet  the  ten- 
dency is  apparent. 

For  example,  the  number  of  men  who  reported  expenditures  at 
Motion  Pictures  increases  as  the  hours  of  labor  increase,  tho  the 
11  hour  and  over  group  makes  an  exception,  having  the  smallest 
percentage. 

65 


66 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


At  Theatres  the  decrease  in  numbers  of  men  is  strikingly  reg- 
ular as  the  hours  of  work  increase,  the  8-9  hour  group  of  men  re- 
porting more  than  twice  as  many  at  Theatres  as  did  the  11  hour 
and  over  group. 

Beer  has  the  highest  percentage  of  men  from  the  8-9  hour 
group.  Wine  from  the  11  hour  and  over  group  of  men,  and  Whiskey 
from  the  9-10  hour  group.  Both  Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco 
decrease  in  use  as  the  Hours  of  Labor  increase. 

Cigars  are  smoked  more  largely  by  men  in  the  shorter  hour 
groups,  while  the  opposite  is  true  in  the  case  of  Cigarettes,  44.2% 
of  men  reporting  expenditures  for  Cigarettes  in  the  1 1  hour  and  over 
group,  against  30.6%  in  the  8-9  hour  group. 

Personal  and  Family  contributions  to  the  Church  and  Syna- 
gogue are  made  by  a  larger  number  of  men  in  the  10-11  hour  and 
11  hour  and  over  groups  than  in  the  groups  of  men  working  a  shorter 
number  of  hours. 

Self  Life  Insurance  diminishes  in  numbers  of  men  as  the  hours 
of  work  increase,  while  more  men  report  paying  for  Family  Life 
Insurance  in  the  10-11  hour  and  the  11  hour  and  over  groups. 

TABLE  49 

Taking  the  total  number  of  ways  in  which  money  was  spent  by  men  in  each  Hour 
Group  as  100%,  the  table  shows  the  percentage  of  choices  for  each  specified  purpose. 


HOUR 

5   PER  DA^ 

f 

ITEMS 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

1  1  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures  

13  0 

16  2 

17  1 

14  0 

Theatre. 

12  1 

11  3 

7  2 

6  0 

Beer.  .  . 

14  2 

14  0 

14  1 

14  9 

Wine   .  . 

2  6 

2  3 

1  9 

4  2 

Whiskey  

5  1 

5  8 

5  5 

4  7 

Chewing  Tobacco 

3  0 

3  2 

2  6 

2  5 

Smoking  Tobacco 

7  8 

6  6 

6  0 

6  2 

Cigars  

9  9 

6  5 

4  1 

6  7 

Cigarettes. 

7  8 

9  5 

11  5 

12  5 

Personal  Contribution  to  Church.  .  .    . 

7  5 

8  5 

12  1 

9  4 

Family  Contribution  to  Church  

4  4 

4.4 

6  0 

6  3 

Self  Life  Insurance  

8  3 

8  5 

7  1 

6  3 

Family  Life  Insurance  

4.3 

3.2 

4.8 

6.3 

Table  49  gives  the  relative  popularity  or  frequency  of  choice 
of  the  items  for  which  money  was  expended  by  1,022  men  according 
to  Hours  of  Labor.  The  percentages  for  each  Hour  Group  were  ob- 
tained by  adding  the  number  of  men  reporting  expenditures  for 
the  specified  purposes  and  getting  the  proportion  of  men  for  each 
item  to  the  total. 

The  fact  is  shown  that  men  in  the  11  hour  and  over  group 
drink  Beer  more  of  ten  than  do  men  in  the  8-9  and  10-11  hour  groups; 


HOURS  OF  LABOR  AND  EXPENDITURE  OF  MONEY 


67 


for,  tho  in  table  48,  55.5%  of  the  men  in  the  8-9  hour  group  and 
54.3%  in  the  10-11  hour  group,  reported  that  Beer  was  one  item 
during  the  week  for  which  they  expended  money,  while  only  52.5% 
of  the  men  in  the  11  hour  and  over  group  gave  statement  to  the 
fact,  yet  the  11  hour  and  over  men  drank  Beer  more  frequently 
than  the  men  working  shorter  hours.  The  percentages  of  fre- 
quency, as  shown  in  Table  49,  are  14.9%  for  the  11  hour  and  over 
men,  14.2%  for  the  8-9  hour  group  and  14. 1  %  for  the  10-11  hour  group. 

Likewise,  the  frequency  of  expenditures  for  Cigarettes  in- 
creases with  men  working  the  greater  number  of  hours  and  dimin- 
ishes as  the  hours  of  labor  decrease.  Tho  in  Table  48  the  number 
of  men  reporting  Cigarettes  as  one  item  of  their  expenditure  during 
the  week  was  44.4%  in  the  10-11  hour  group  and  44.2%  in  the  11 
hour  and  over  group,  the  frequency  of  expenditures  in  Table  49 
is  12.5%  for  the  11  hour  and  over  group,  and  11.5%  for  the  10-11 
hour  men. 

These  examples  indicate  that  the  smaller  group  of  men  working 
the  greatest  number  of  hours  per  day  drink  more  Beer  and  smoke 
more  Cigarettes  as  a  group  and  as  individuals  than  do  those  men  in 
the  shorter  hour  group. 

Family  Contribution  to  the  Church  is  also  more  frequent  with 
the  11  hour  and  over  group  of  men  than  with  any  others.  (Compare 
Table  48  with  Table  49). 

TABLE  50  ^ 

Combination  of  percentages  in  Table  49  by  Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS 

PER   DAY 

ITEMS 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

1  1  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres 

25  1 

27  5 

24  3 

20.0 

Beer  Wine  and  Whiskey- 

21  9 

22  1 

21  5 

23  8 

Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobaccco  
Cigars  and  Cigarettes. 

10.8 

17  7 

9.8 
16  0 

8.6 
15  6 

8.7 
19.2 

Personal  and  Family  Contributions  to  Church  
Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance  

11.9 
12.6 

12.9 
11.7 

18.1 
11.9 

15.7 
12.6 

This  Table  gives  the  combination  of  frequencies  of  expendi- 
ture of  money  for  items  of  a  similar  character  arranged  according 
to  specified  Hours  of  Labor. 

To  compare  only  the  8-9  hour  with  the  1 1  hour  and  over  group 
of  men,  the  amount  of  money  spent  at  Motion  Pictures,  for  Chewing 
and  Smoking  Tobacco  is  largest  with  the  8-9  hour  group ;  while  for 
Beer,  Wine,  and  Whiskey,  for  Cigars  and  Cigarettes,  and  for 
Personal  and  Family  Contribution  to  the  Church,  the  11  hour  and 
over  group  of  men  have  the  highest  frequency  of  expenditure. 


68  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

TABLE  51 

Percentage  of  expenditure  of  money  for  specified  purposes  during  one  week  by 
grouped  according  to  Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS 

PER  DAY 

ITEMS 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

1  1  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures..       .                   ... 

5  9 

8  8 

9  0 

8  7 

Theatres 

21  8 

17  9 

11  2 

10  5 

Beer 

19  3 

22  7 

26  8 

21  9 

Wine.. 

5  7 

4  0 

2  3 

9  3 

Whiskey  .  

7.2 

6  8 

6  6 

7  9 

Chewing  Tobacco 

g 

1  4 

1  2 

9 

Smoking  Tobacco  .  .  . 

3.3 

4.4 

3  1 

2  6 

Cigars  

10  9 

8  3 

3  8 

8  6 

Cigarettes. 

7  2 

9  7 

14  9 

14  6 

Personal  Contribution  to  Church  .... 

3.0 

3  8 

5  9 

3  9 

Family  Contribution  to  Church  

2.0 

2.3 

2.8 

3  4 

Self  Life  Insurance  

9.1 

7  4 

8  0 

4  5 

Family  Life  Insurance  

3.8 

2.5 

4.4 

3.2 

In  this  table  will  be  found  the  most  striking  comparison  of 
1,022  men  grouped  according  to  their  Hours  of  Labor.  Here  is  the 
heart  of  the  study  as  to  the  Expenditure  of  Money  for  pleasure. 
The  percentages  for  each  Hour  Group  were  obtained  by  dividing 
the  amount  of  money  spent  for  each  item  into  the  total  expenditure 
for  all  items. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  more  money  is  spent  for  Motion  Pictures 
by  men  working  the  greater  number  of  hours  per  day,  whereas  the 
expenditure  for  Theatre  is  highest  among  the  8-9  hour  group  of 
men  and  decreases  in  a  regular  curve  as  the  hours  of  labor  increase. 

The  8-9  hour  group  of  men  spend  less  money  for  Beer  than  any 
other  group,  tho  more  men  drink  Beer  in  the  8-9  hour  group  than 
in  any  other.  (See  Table  48.)  Men  in  the  10-11  hour  group  were 
most  extravagant  in  money  spent  for  Beer,  and  tho  the  frequency 
of  expenditure  for  Beer  was  highest  in  the  1 1  hour  and  over  group 
(see  Table  49),  yet  the  total  amount  spent  by  the  10-11  hour  group 
exceeded  all  others. 

The  11  hour  and  over  group  spent  the  most  money  for  Wine, 
Whiskey,  and  in  Family  Contribution  to  the  Church ;  while  the  8-9 
hour  men  led  in  expenditure  at  Theatre,  for  Cigars  and  Self  Life 
Insurance. 

TABLE  52  v 

Combination  of  percentages  in  Table  51. 


HOURS 

PER  DAY 

ITEMS 

8—9 

9  —  10 

10—11 

11  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres                                        .  .  . 

27.7 

26  7 

20  2 

19  2 

Beer,  Wine  and  Whiskey   . 

32  2 

33  5 

35  7 

39  1 

Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco  
Cigars  and  Cigarettes. 

4.1 
18  1 

5.8 
18  0 

4.3 

18  7 

3.5 
23  2 

Personal  and  Family  Contributions  to  Church  
Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance  

5.0 
12.9 

6.1 
9.9 

8.7 
12.4 

7.3 

7.7 

HOURS  OF  LABOR  AND  EXPENDITURE  OF  MONEY          69 

Table  52  gives  a  more  notable  comparison  of  the  same  percent- 
ages in  Table  51  by  combining  expenditures  for  like  purposes.  The 
curves  tell  an  interesting  tale,  indicating  that  with  the  increasing 
number  of  hours  of  labor  per  day  the  money  spent  at  Motion 
Pictures  and  Theatres  regularly  decreases;  while  given  the  same 
conditions,  the  expenditure  of  money  for  Beer,  Wine  and  Whiskey 
steadily  increases  as  the  hours  increase;  further,  the  expenditure 
for  Cigarettes  and  Cigars  likewise  increases,  with  the  exception 
of  a  slight  variation  in  the  9-10  hour  group.  For  Self  and  Family 
Life  Insurance  the  8-9  hour  group  of  men  spent  the  most  money. 


X 


THE  RELATION  OF  OCCUPATION  TO  THE  EX- 
PENDITURE OF  MONEY  FOR  RECREATION 
AND  OTHER  PURPOSES 

EACH  item  for  which  money  was  expended  is  very  interesting 
when  the  percentages  for  Occupation  Groups  are  given  as  in 
Table  53.  It  is  seen  at  once  that  the  Merchants  and  Dealers  and 
the  Professional  Groups  are  the  least  concerned  about  Motion  Pic- 
tures ;  while,  on  the  contrary,  the  Domestic  and  Textile  Groups  have 
the  highest  expenditure  for  this  form  of  recreation. 

TABLE  53 

Percentage  of  expenditure  of  money  for  specified  purposes  during  one  week  by  men 
in  various  Occupation  Groups. 


ITEMS 

Professional 

Domestic 

Clerical 

Transportation 

Merchants 
and  Dealers 

68 

C  a) 

S-S 
•32 
mn 

1 

3 

V 

Textiles 

Miscellaneous 

%  1  %   1  %  1  %  1  %  1  % 

%  \  % 

% 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatre 

4.8 
26.1 
7.0 
12.3 
7.7 
.2 
2.1 
18.6 
6.4 
2.6 
1.9 
7.3 
3.0 

9.2 
11.2 
25.2 
9.6 
2.9 
1.0 
2.8 
6.3 
14.7 
3.4 
5.2 
4.0 
4.5 

7.2 
26.1 
12.2 
5.9 
3.4 
.2 
4.6 
12.5 
9.3 
3.8 
3.0 
7.9 
3.9 

8.9 
13.2 
33.8 
2.5 
8.3 
2.4 
3.6 
5.4 
10.5 
2.2 
1.2 
5.2 
2.8 

4.7 
7.7 
14.0 
6.3 
10.3 

'".9 
6.6 
17.5 
12.1 
6.3 
8.7 
4.9 

7.8 
13.5 
27.8 
2.7 
10.1 
2.1 
4.3 
6.2 
8.4 
1.9 
1.1 
11.6 
2.5 

8.1 
15.1 
25.7 
2.5 
9.4 
2.4 
4.4 
6.0 
6.8 
4.2 
3.1 
8.7 
3.6 

9.2 
17.1 
15.6 
4.0 
10.0 
.3 
2.3 
7.2 
15.1 
4.7 
1.0 
10.2 
3.3 

7.2 
17.7 
29.0 
5.3 
5.6 
.9 
3.5 
9.2 
8.0 
2.6 
1.9 
5.8 
3.3 

Beer 

Wine  .  .      . 

Whiskey 

Chewing  Tobacco  .... 

Smoking  Tobacco 

Cigars  

Cigarettes  
Personal  Contribution  to  Church  
Family  Contribution  to  Church  

Self  Life  Insurance  
Family  Life  Insurance  

The  groups  which  spent  the  most  money  for  Theatres  are  the 
Professional,  Clerical,  Miscellaneous,  and  Textiles,  with  the  Mer- 
chants and  Dealers  last. 

Expenditures  of  money  for  Beer  has  the  largest  amounts  from 
the  Transportation,  the  Miscellaneous,  the  Building  and  Metal 
Trades  and  the  Domestic  Groups.  The  least  expenditure  for  Beer 
is  made  by  the  Professional  Group. 

But  for  Wine  the  Professional  and  Domestic  Groups  far  ex- 
ceeded all  others,  while  the  Transportation  and  Metal  Trades  were 
the  lowest. 

For  Whiskey,  most  money  was  spent  by  the  Merchants  and 
Dealers  and  Building  Trade  Groups,  with  the  Domestic  Group 
reporting  the  least. 


72  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

Cigars  were  most  popular  with  the  Professional  and  Clerical 
Groups,  whereas  Cigarettes  led  with  the  Merchants  and  Dealers, 
the  Textile  and  Domestic  Groups. 

The  greatest  contribution  to  the  Church,  both  personal  and 
family,  was  made  by  the  Merchants  and  Dealers  Group. 

Self  Life  Insurance  was  highest  with  the  Building  Trades  and 
Family  Life  Insurance  highest  with  Merchants  and  Dealers. 


XI 

THE  RELATION  OF  WAGE  TO  THE  EXPENDI- 
TURE OF  MONEY  FOR  RECREATION  AND 
OTHER  PURPOSES 

PHIS  table  represents  the  number  of  men  who  reported  that 

•1      during  one  week  they  made  at  least  one  expenditure  of  money 

for  certain  specified  purposes  according  to  various  Wage  Groups. 

TABLE  54    ^ 

Percentage  of  men  who  report  expenditure  of  money  for  specified  purposes  during 
one  week  according  to  Wage  Groups. 


Number  of  men  

Under 
$10 

$10— 
$14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35— 
over 

go 

236 

365 

147 

79 

5/ 

54 

ITEMS 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures. 

54.4 
23.3 
48.8 
3.3 
13.3 
7.7 
14.4 
6.6 
43.3 
31.1 
16.6 
14.4 
7.7 

51.2 
27.9 
52.9 
6.3 
13.9 
7.6 
31.3 
22.4 
38.1 
33.0 
18.2 
23.7 
16.1 

58.9 
39.7 
57.0 
10.4 
24.1 
14.2 
27.6 
24.6 
38.0 
31.2 
16.1 
33.1 
16.1 

48.9 
42.8 
55.1 
10.2 
21.7 
14.2 
26.5 
36.0 
34.0 
21.7 
14.2 
27.2 
14.2 

53.1 
54.4 
58.2 
2.5 
26.5 
11.3 
29.1 
37.9 
24.0 
32.9 
18.9 
35.4 
16.4 

62.7 
47.0 
56.8 
21.5 
19.6 
9.8 
25.4 
45.0 
27.4 
35.2 
29.4 
33.3 
19.6 

31.4 
59.2 
25.9 
31.4 
18.5 
3.7 
7.4 
51.8 
31.4 
51  8 
42.5 
53.7 
33.3 

Theatres.  . 

Beer.. 

Wine 

Whiskey  or  other  Liquors  
Chewing  Tobacco 

Smoking  Tobacco  

Cigars  

Cigarettes 

Personal  Contribution  to  Church  
Family  Contribution  to  Church 

Self  Life  Insurance  

Family  Life  Insurance  

The  two  Wage  Groups  having  the  largest  number  of  men 
making  expenditures  for  Motion  Pictures  are  the  "$30-$34.99" 
group  and  the  "$15. -$19. 99"  group;  the  smallest  number  of  men  is 
in  the  highest  paid  group,  "$35  and  Over." 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  number  of  men  who  made  expendi- 
tures of  money  for  Theatre,  Beer,  Wine,  Cigars,  Personal  Contribu- 
tion to  the  Church  and  Synagogue,  Self  Life  Insurance  and  Family 
Life  Insurance,  increased  in  the  majority  of  Wage  Groups  as  the 
wage  increased.  On  the  other  hand,  a  diminishing  number  of  men 
reported  expenditures  for  Cigarettes  as  the  wage  increased. 

(See  Table  55  on  following  page.) 

The  relation  of  Wages  to  expenditure  of  money  for  recreation 
and  other  purposes  is  as  forcibly  brought  out  in  Table  55  as  was 
the  relation  of  Hours  of  Labor  in  Table  51.  Comment  upon  the 
indications  presented  is  intensified  by  comparison  with  Table  54, 
which  gave  the  number  of  men  reporting  expenditures  for  the 
various  purposes. 

73 


74  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

TABLE  55 

Percentage  of  expenditure  of  money  for  certain  purposes  during  one  week  by  men  in 
specified  Wage  Groups. 


ITEMS 

Under 
$10. 

$10— 
$14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35— 
over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures           .          

7.8 
10.6 
39.9 
1.2 
5.4 
2.0 
2.7 
1.1 
16.4 
3.4 
2.9 
4.5 
2.1 

8.3 
12.2 
29.3 
4.1 
4.4 
.9 
4.9 
6.5 
11.7 
3.9 
4.0 
6.4 
3.4 

9.0 
16.4 
21.5 
5.0 
6.6 
1.5 
4.0 
6.9 
12.3 
3.3 
1.8 
7.7 
4.0 

7.6 
19.1 
23.5 
3.9 
10.3 
1.1 
3.0 
9.8 
10.1 
1.9 
1.3 
5.8 
2.6 

7.2 
21.5 
19.1 
1.1 
7.8 
.8 
4.3 
11.4 
5.1 
3.5 
1.5 
14.2 
2.5 

7.8 
22.4 
18.7 
10.2 
5.0 
1.6 
3.9 
11.7 
6.4 
3.4 
2.0 
4.9 
2.0 

3.2 
23.1 
7.6 
11.4 
8.9 
.1 
.4 
15.2 
5.8 
6.1 
3.6 
9.7 
4.9 

Theatres 

Beer  

Wine 

Whiskey  

Chewing  Tobacco 

Smoking  Tobacco  
Cigars 

Cigarettes  

Personal  Contribution  to  Church 

Family  Contribution  to  Church  
Self  Life  Insurance 

Family  Life  Insurance  

For  instance,  the  percentage  of  the  number  of  men  who  re- 
ported spending  money  at  Motion  Pictures  was  62.7%  in  the  "$30- 
$34.99"  group;  58.9%  in  the  "$15-$19.99"  group;  and  51.2%  in 
the  "$10-$14.99"  group.  But  in  Table  55  the  money  expenditure  at 
Motion  Pictures  by  these  three  groups  reverses  the  order  just  given, 
showing  that  the  lower  Wage  Groups,  tho  less  in  number  of  men, 
yet  have  an  expenditure  of  money  for  Motion  Pictures  much  greater 
than  the  larger  number  of  men  in  the  higher  Wage  Groups.  This 
is  evidenced  by  the  following  percentages:  9.0%  in  the  "$15-$19.99" 
group;  8.3%  in  the  "$10-$14.99"  group;  with  7.8%  among  the 
larger  number  of  men  reporting  in  the  "$30-34.99"  group. 

The  indication  is  that  men  who  receive  the  lower  wage  patronize 
Motion  Pictures  more  than  men  receiving  a  higher  wage. 

Quite  the  contrary  is  the  order  of  expenditure  of  money  for 
Theatres.  Both  the  number  of  men  and  the  amount  of  money  spent 
by  each  group  for  Theatres  increase  with  the  increase  in  Wage 
Groups. 

Expenditure  for  Beer  shows  a  steady  and  almost  regular  de- 
cline among  the  higher  Wage  Groups.  Tho  the  number  of  men  in 
the  groups  "Under  $10"  and  "$10-$14.99"  (See  Table  54)  are  much 
smaller  than  the  four  higher  Wage  Groups,  yet  they  greatly  excel 
in  the  expenditure  of  money  for  Beer,  the  lowest  paid  group  sur- 
passing all  others. 

Wine  has  an  almost  constant  rise  in  expenditure  with  the 
higher  Wage  Groups ;  while  Whiskey  reaches  its  maximum  expendi- 
ture among  men  in  the  "$20-$24.99"  group. 


WAGE  AND  EXPENDITURE  OF  MONEY 


75 


Cigars  present  figures  as  would  be  expected — namely,  that  with 
the  lowest  Wage  Groups  less  money  is  expended,  but  that  as  the 
income  increases  a  steady  rise  in  money  spent  for  Cigars  increases. 
The  more  expensive  smoking  is  evidently  made  possible  by  the 
higher  wage. 

For  Cigarettes  the  curve  is  just  the  reverse  for  that  of  Cigars, 
showing  that  nearly  three  times  as  much  money  was  spent  for  Cigar- 
ettes by  men  in  the  "Under  $10"  group  as  by  men  in  the  "$35  and 
Over"  group. 

Expenditures  for  Chewing  Tobacco  are  highest  with  the  group 
of  men  "Under  $10"  and  highest  for  Smoking  Tobacco  in  the  "$10- 
$14.99"  group. 

TABLE  56 

Average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  for  specified  purposes  during  one  week  by  men 
grouped  according  to  Hours  of  Labor. 


HOURS 

PER   DAY 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

1  1  and  over 

Motion  Pictures          

$     14 

$     16 

$      17 

$     17 

Theatres 

53 

33 

21 

21 

Beer  

47 

.42 

50 

43 

Wine 

14 

07 

04 

18 

Whiskey  and  liquors 

17 

12 

12 

15 

Chewing  Tobacco   .  .      .    .        

02 

03 

02 

02 

Smoking  Tobacco 

08 

08 

06 

05 

Cigars    

.26 

.15 

07 

17 

Cigarettes.                                                             .    . 

17 

18 

27 

29 

Personal  Contribution  to  Church 

07 

06 

11 

08 

Family  Contribution  to  Church  

04 

.04 

05 

07 

Self  Life  Insurance                                    .          ... 

21 

14 

15 

09 

Family  Life  Insurance  

.09 

.05 

.08 

06 

Total  

$2.39 

$1.83 

$1.85 

$1.97 

This  table  gives  the  average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  for 
specified  purposes  by  1,022  men  grouped  according  to  their  Hours 
of  Labor. 

The  average  amounts  of  money  spent  by  men  in  the  10-11 
and  11  hour  and  over  groups  are  higher  for  the  following  purposes 
than  with  the  8-9,  9-10  hour  men:  Motion  Pictures,  Beer  (in  the 
10-11  hour  group),  Wine  (in  the  11  hour  group),  Cigarettes,  Personal 
and  Family  Contribution  to  the  Church.  The  total  average  ex- 
penditure during  the  week  for  the  specified  purposes  amounted  to 
$2.39  for  the  8-9  hour  group;  $1.97  for  11  hour  and  over  group; 
$1.85  for  the  10-11  hour  group;  and  $1.83  for  men  in  the  9-10 
hour  group. 

(See  Table  57  on  following  page.) 

In  combining  the  average  weekly  expenditures  for  like  pur- 
poses Table  57  presents  an  interesting  comparison  of  the  different 
Hour  Groups.  It  is  noticeable  that  the  amount  of  money  spent  at 


76 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres  is  largest  among  the  8-9  hour  men 
and  smallest  among  the  10-11  and  11  hour  and  over  men.  The  8-9 
hour  men  lead  in  the  expenditure  for  Beer,  Wine,  and  Whiskey  and 
for  Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance. 

TABLE  57 

Combination  of  the  average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  in  table  56  by  Hours  of 
Labor. 


HOURS 

PER   DAY 

Total 

ITEMS 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

1  1  and  over 

$     67 

$     49 

$     38 

$     38 

$1  92 

Beer,  Wine  and  Whiskey  

.78 
10 

.61 

11 

.66 
08 

.76 
07 

2.81 
36 

Cigars  and  Cigarettes                .        

.43 

.33 

.34 

.46 

1.56 

Personal  and  Family  contributions  to  Church 
Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance  

.11 
.30 

.10 
.19 

.16 
.23 

.15 

.15 

.52 

.87 

Total  

$2.39 

$1.83 

$1.85 

$1.97 

The  total  average  weekly  expenditure  of  all  Groups  is  highest 
for  Beer,  Wine,  and  Whiskey,  being  $2.81;  Motion  Pictures  and 
Theatres,  $1.92;  Cigars  and  Cigarettes,  $1.56;  Self  and  Family 
Life  Insurance,  $.87;  Personal  and  Family  Contribution  to  Church, 
$.52;  Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco,  $.36. 


TABLE  58 

Percentage  of  the  average  weekly  total  expenditure  of  money  in  table  57  by  Hours 
of  Labor. 


ITEMS 

8—9 

9—10 

10—11 

1  1  and  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres                              .        

28.0 

26.7 

20.6 

19  2 

Beer  Wine  and  Whiskey 

32  6 

33  4 

35  6 

38  6 

Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco  
Cigars  and  Cigarettes  

4.2 
18.0 

6.0 
18.1 

4.3 

18.4 

3.6 
23.4 

Personal  and  Family  Contributions  to  Church  
Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance  

4.6 
12.6 

5.5 
10.3 

8.6 
12.5 

7.6 
7.6 

HOURS   PER  DAY 


In  Table  58  the  combined  percentages  are  given  for  the  differ- 
ent Hour  Groups  of  .the  average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  for 
the  specified  purposes.  A  regular  decline  in  the  percentages  for 
Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres  is  noticeable  as  the  Hours  of  Labor 
increase.  The  opposite  is  true  for  Beer,  Wine,  and  Whiskey:  the 
percentages  steadily  rise  among  the  longer  worked  groups  of  men, 
being  32.6%  for  the  8-9  hour  men  and  38.6%  for  the  11  hour  and 
over  group. 

Cigars  and  Cigarettes  likewise  have  a  constant  increase  in  the 
percentage  of  expenditure  among  men  as  the  workday  lengthens. 


WAGE  AND  EXPENDITURE  OF  MONEY 


77 


Personal  and  Family  Contribution  to  Church  have  the  highest 
percentage  among  the  10-11,  11  hour  and  over  groups. 

TABLE  59 

Average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  for  specified  purposes  during  one  week  by  men 
grouped  according  to  Wage  Groups. 


Number  of  men. 

Under 
$10 

$10— 
$14.99 

si  5— 
$19.99 

$20— 

S2  1  .  90 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35 

&  over 

90 

236 

365 

147 

70 

5i 

54 

ITEMS 

Motion  Pictures  
Theatres 

$   .08 

.12 
.45 
.01 
.06 
.02 
.03 
.01 
.18 
.04 
.03 
05 
.02 

$   .13 

.19 
.45 
.06 
.07 
.01 
.07 
.10 
.18 
.06 
.06 
.10 
.05 

$   .16 

.30 
.39 
.09 
.12 
.02 
.07 
.12 
.22 
.06 
.03 
.14 
.07 

$   .16 

.42 
.51 
.08 
.22 
.02 
.07 
.21 
.22 
.04 
.03 
.13 
.06 

$   .22 
.63 
.56 
.03 
.23 
.02 
.12 
.33 
.15 
.10 
.04 
.42 
.07 

$   .22 

.65 
.54 
.30 
.14 
.04 
.11 
.34 
.18 
.10 
.06 
.15 
.06 

$   .18 
1.29 
.42 
.64 
.50 
.01 
.      .02 
.85 
.32 
.34 
.20 
.54 
.28 

Beer.  .  . 

Wine.  .  
Whiskey  and  other  Liquors 

Chewing  Tobacco  
Smoking  Tobacco  
Cigars  

Cigarettes  
Personal  Contribution  to  Church  
Family  Contribution  to  Church  
Weekly  Self  Life  Insurance  
Weekly  Family  Life  Insurance 

Total  

$1.10 

$1.53 

$1.79 

$2.17 

$2.92 

$2.89 

$5.59 

This  table  gives  the  average  amount  of  money  spent  by  1,022 
men  during  one  week  for  specified  purposes  according  to  Wage 
Groups. 

The  first  observation  is  one  that  would  be  expected — namely, 
that  only  with  increasing  wage  does  increasing  expenditure  take 
place. 

The  total  expenditure  for  the  highest  paid  group  is  over  five 
times  as  much  as  the  total  expenditure  for  the  lowest  paid  group, 
but  with  a  number  of  the  items  the  expenditure  for  several  of  the 
Wage  Groups  is  the  same,  while  in  a  few  cases  the  amount  of  money 
spent  by  some  of  the  higher  paid  groups  is  even  smaller  than  with 
some  of  the  lower  paid  groups.  Yet  despite  the  exceptions,  the  rule 
holds  that  as  the  Wage  increases,  so  likewise  does  the  expenditure 
of  money  for  recreation  and  other  purposes. 

Theatre  and  Beer  are  the  two  items  for  which  the  largest  ex- 
penditure is  made  by  all  of  the  Wage  Groups.  The  smallest  expen- 
diture of  money  is  for  Family  Contribution  to  the  Church. 

The  average  weekly  expenditure  for  Self  Life  Insurance  is 
twice  as  much  as  that  paid  for  Family  Life  Insurance. 

Cigarettes  are  more  uniformly  bought  by  all  Wage  Groups 
than  Cigars,  while  Chewing  Tobacco  is  in  no  group  as  much  a 
favorite  as  Smoking  Tobacco. 

Whiskey  is  seen  to  be  more  popular  than  Wine. 


78 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


TABLE  60 

Combination  of  the  average  weekly  expenditure  of  money  in  table  59,  by  Wage 
Groups. 


ITEMS 

Under 
$10 

$10— 
$14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35  & 
over 

Totals 

Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres  
Beer  Wine  and  Whiskey 

$   .20 
.52 

.24 
.07 
.07 

$   .32 
.58 

.36 

.12 
.15 

$   .46 
.60 

.43 
.09 
.21 

$   .58 
.81 

.52 
.07 
.19 

$   .85 
.82 

.62 
.14 
.49 

$   .87 
.98 

.67 
.16 

.21 

$1.47 
1.56 

1.20 
.54 
.82 

$4.75 
5.87 

4.04 
1.19 
2.14 

Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco, 
Cigars  and  Cigarettes  
Self  and  Family  Contribution  to  Ch.  . 
Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance  

Total.. 


$1.53|  $1.79|  $2.17|  $2.92|  $2.89|  $5.59| 


Table  60  presents  a  combination  of  items  of  a  similar  character 
which  makes  it  easier  for  comparison  of  the  averages  to  be  seen. 

The  constant  rise  of  the  average  weekly  expenditure  is  notice- 
able for  nearly  all  of  the  items  as  the  Wage  increases. 

By  adding  all  Wage  Groups  together,  the  total  expenditure  for 
Beer,  Wine,  and  Whiskey  is  seen  to  be  the  highest,  being  $5.87;  the 
second  highest  is  $4.75  for  Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres;  third, 
Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco,  Cigars  and  Cigarettes,  $4.04; 
fourth,  Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance,  $2.14;  Self  and  Family 
Contribution  to  Church,  $1.19. 

TABLE  61 

Percentage  of  the  average  weekly  total  expenditure  of  money  in  table  60  by  Wage 
Groups. 


ITEMS 

Under 
$10 

$10— 
$14.99 

$15— 
$19.99 

$20— 
$24.99 

$25— 
$29.99 

$30— 
$34.99 

$35— 
&  over 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres  
Beer,  Wine  and  Whiskey  

18.2 
47.3 

21.9 
6.3 
6.3 

20.9 
37.9 

23.6 

7.8 
9.8 

25.5 
33.4 

24.0 
5.0 
12.1 

26.7 
37.6 

23.8 
3.2 

8.7 

29.2 
28.0 

21.3 

4.8 
16.7 

30.1 
33.8 

23.1 
5.5 

7.5 

26.2 
28.0 

21.4 
9.7 

14.7 

Chewing  and  Smoking  Tobacco,  Cigars  and 
Cigarettes  

Self  and  Family  Contribution  to  Church  .... 
Self  and  Family  Life  Insurance  

Total |  100.01  100.01  100. 0|  100. 0|  100. 0|  100. 0|  100. Q 

The  percentages  of  the  average  weekly  expenditure  are  given 
in  Table  61.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  percentage  increases  for 
Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres  as  the  Wage  increases,  while  a  de- 
crease in  the  percentage  of  the  average  weekly  expenditure  for  Beer, 
Wine,  and  Whiskey  is  apparent  as  the  Wage  increases.  The  highest 
percentage  for  Cigars  and  Cigarettes  is  in  the  "$15-$19.99"  and  the 
"$20-$24.99"  groups,  whereas  the  two  highest  and  the  two  lowest 
Wage  Groups  give  the  largest  percentage  for  Self  and  Family  Con- 
tribution to  the  Church. 


GENERAL  SUMMARY 

OCCUPATIONS 

HHERE  is  correlation  between  the  daily  occupation  of  any  group 

•1      of  workingmen  and  the  ways  in  which  they  spend  their  spare 

time.     This  is  proved  in  Chapter  II,  where  tables  are  given  of  the 

reports  of  men,  grouped  according  to  their  occupation,  who  spent 

spare  time  during  one  week  at  specified  social  and  other  agencies. 

The  Professional  and  Public  Service  Group  vary  as  widely  in 
their  use  of  leisure  hours  from  the  Transportation  Group  as  do 
the  Textiles  from  the  Merchants  and  Dealers. 

When  thinking  of  the  following  groups,  the  highest  percentages 
of  leisure  hours  given  show  these  indications:  that  men  in  the  Pro- 
fessional and  Public  Service  Group  are  more  interested  than  other 
Groups  in  Private  Study,  Libraries,  Art  Galleries,  and  Public  Lec- 
tures (same  percentage  as  the  Clerical  Group).  The  Transporta- 
tion Group  leads  in  the  time  spent  at  the  Saloon  and  Motion  Pic- 
tures ;  the  group  of  Building  Trades  spent  more  time  than  other 
Occupation  Groups  at  Labor  Unions,  Clubs  and  Lodges;  the  Domes- 
tic and  Personal  Service  Group,  in  Playing  Pool  and  Cards;  the 
Clerical  Group,  at  Night  Schools,  Theatres,  Dances,  reading  Maga- 
zines, Books,  visiting  Friends,  and  Public  Lectures  (same  percentage 
in  the  Professional  Group) ;  the  Merchants  and  Dealers  Group  spent 
the  greatest  amount  of  spare  time  with  Family  and  reading  News- 
papers; the  Textiles,  in  attendance  at  Church;  and  the  Miscel- 
laneous, in  reading  Books.  (See  Table  6). 

SINGLE  AND  MARRIED  MEN 

In  the  reports  given  by  these  two  groups  of  men,  one  factor 
seems  to  determine  the  use  of  leisure  hours  more  than  the  length 
of  working  days.  The  larger  interests  of  the  Home  with  the  Married 
men  circumscribe  their  recreation  to  quieter  and  more  domestic 
activities.  Over  50%  of  the  spare  time  spent  by  the  Married  men 
was  reported  spent  with  the  family.  The  other  agencies  which  ap- 
pealed more  to  Married  men  than  Single  men  were  Cards,  Labor 
Unions,  the  Church  and  Saloons. 

Naturally,  it  would  be  expected  that  Single  men,  with  their 
independence  and  greater  freedom  from  family  responsibilities, 
would  use  their  spare  time  in  a  different  manner  from  Married  men. 
The  percentages  given  in  Tables  11  and  14  verify  this  impression. 
The  Single  men  spent  more  leisure  hours  than  the  Married  men  in  a 

79 


80  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

wider  range  of  activities;  for  example,  at  Clubs  and  Lodges,  Public 
Lectures,  Art  Galleries,  Libraries,  Private  Study,  Night  Schools, 
Motion  Pictures,  Theatres,  Dances,  Pool,  reading  Newspapers, 
Magazines,  Books,  and  visiting  Friends. 

AGE 

In  the  study  made  of  the  spare  time  spent  by  men  grouped 
according  to  Age  striking  similarity  appears  in  the  reports  of  men 
under  35  years  of  age  and  those  of  the  Single  men  and  in  the  re- 
ports of  men  over  35  years  of  age  and  the  Married  men. 

The  effect  of  Age  on  the  ways  men  use  their  leisure  hours  is  so 
regular  in  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  percentages  as  to  indicate  obedi- 
ence to  a  general  law.  What  has  just  been  stated  about  the  Single 
and  Married  men  in  the  amount  of  spare  time  spent  at  the  specified 
social  and  other  agencies  applies  in  practically  every  case  to  the 
reports  given  by  the  younger  and  older  men.  The  energy  and  am- 
bition of  the  younger  men  lead  them  to  use  their  leisure  hours  in 
ways  more  diversified  and  active  than  the  older  men.  On  the  other 
hand,  as  men  grow  older  the  inevitable  effect  of  increasing  years 
determines  the  use  of  spare  time  along  more  peaceful  and  easy-going 
channels.  (See  Table  17). 

NATIONALITY 

Comparison  of  the  ways  men  in  different  Nationality  Groups 
spend  their  spare  time  gives  an  indication  of  certain  national  char- 
acteristics. The  Austria-Hungarians  spent  the  most  spare  time 
playing  Cards;  the  British,  at  the  Saloon  and  Labor  Unions;  the 
Germans,  with  Family;  the  Italians,  reading  Books;  the  Russians, 
attending  Public  Lectures,  Libraries  and  Night  Schools;  the  Mis- 
cellaneous Group,  in  Private  Study  and  reading  Newspapers; 
while  the  Americans  have  the  highest  percentage  of  time  spent  at 
Clubs  and  Lodges,  Motion  Pictures,  Theatres,  Dance,  playing 
Pool  and  visiting  Friends,  with  the  smallest  percentage  of  hours 
spent  with  Family.  From  the  reports  of  the  Americans,  it  would 
seem  that  evidence  is  given  of  the  influence  which  American  insti- 
tutions exert  over  the  use  of  leisure  time.  (See  Table  20). 

WAGE 

The  amount  of  money  which  a  workingman  receives  as  his 
weekly  wage  is  directly  related  to  his  use  of  spare  time.  The  wage 
is  closely  connected  with  the  hours  of  labor  per  day.  In  Table  23 
Labor  Unions  had  most  spare  time  given  to  them  from  men  in  the 


GENERAL   SUMMARY  81 

"$25-$29.99"  Group.  The  lowest  Wage  Groups  spent  more  leisure 
hours  than  the  highest  Wage  Groups,  in  Private  Study,  at  Night 
Schools,  Dance,  Saloon,  reading  Books  and  visiting  Friends.  The 
highest  Wage  Groups  reported  the  greater  percentage  of  time  at 
Clubs  and  Lodges,  Labor  Unions,  Art  Galleries,  playing  Cards, 
reading  Newspapers  and  Magazines,  and  with  Family. 

It  is  evident  that  men  in  the  lowest  Wage  Groups  endeavor  to 
equip  themselves  for  a  higher  wage  thru  Private  Study,  attendance 
at  Night  Schools,  and  reading  Books.  As  opposed  to  this  effort  for 
self-improvement,  the  fact  however  is  strongly  emphasized  that  men 
in  the  lowest  Wage  Groups  spent  a  greater  number  of  hours  at  the 
Saloon  than  men  receiving  higher  wages.  Many  explanations  have 
been  offered;  one  workingman,  himself  a  frequenter  of  the  Saloon, 
volunteered  the  information  that  "men  who  get  small  wages  and 
are  in  uncertain  employment  become  easily  discouraged  when  they 
think  of  the  needs  at  home,  shoes  for  the  children  and  food  for  their 
hunger,  and  realizing  the  insufficiency  of  the  money  they  have  re- 
ceived to  meet  those  needs,  they  go  to  the  saloon  to  drown  their 
despondency  and  trouble." 

EXPENDITURE  OF  MONEY  FOR  RECREATION  AND 
OTHER  PURPOSES 

The  amount  of  money  spent  for  recreation  and  other  pur- 
poses by  men  grouped  according  to  their  Hours  of  Labor,  Occupa- 
tion, and  Wage  is  of  noteworthy  significance.  (See  Tables  52,  53, 

55.) 

1.  Expenditure  of  Money  by  Men  in  Different  Hour  Groups. 

The  relation  of  hours  of  labor  to  the  expenditure  of  money  for 
Motion  Pictures  and  Theatres  is  strikingly  regular,  the  rate  of  ex- 
penditure steadily  decreasing  as  the  hours  per  day  increase.  For 
Beer,  Wine  and  Whiskey  the  percentages  of  expenditure  of  money 
steadily  increase  with  the  increase  in  hours  of  labor.  The  amount 
of  money  spent  for  Cigars  and  Cigarettes,  for  Personal  and  Family 
Contribution  to  Church,  is  also  much  larger  with  the  10-11  and  11 
hour  and  over  groups  of  men  than  with  the  8-9,  and  9-10  hour 
groups. 

2.  Expenditure  of  Money  by  Men  in  Different  Occupation  Groups. 
Evidences  of  Occupational  characteristics  present  themselves 
in  the  amount  of  money  spent  for  recreation  and  other  purposes 
by  men  working  in  different  trades. 


82  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

The  Domestic  and  Textiles  Groups  spent  nearly  twice  as  much 
money  for  Motion  Pictures  as  the  Professional  Group.  On  the 
other  hand,  men  in  the  Professional  and  Clerical  Groups  spent  over 
three  times  the  amount  of  money  for  Theatre  as  the  Merchant 
Group.  The  Transportation  Group  had  the  highest  percentage  of 
money  spent  during  one  week  for  Beer;  the  Professional  Group,  for 
Wine  and  Cigars;  the  Metal  Trades  and  Transportation  Groups 
for  Chewing  Tobacco;  the  Merchants  and  Dealers,  for  Whiskey, 
Cigarettes,  Personal  and  Family  Contribution  to  Church,  and 
Family  Life  Insurance;  the  Textiles,  for  Self-Life  Insurance. 

3.  Expenditure  of  Money  by  Men  in  Different  Wage  Groups. 

The  relation  of  Wage  to  the  expenditure  of  money  is  generally 
acknowledged,  for  with  an  increase  in  wage  more  money  is  spent  for 
recreation  and  other  purposes. 

The  one  purpose  for  which  money  was  spent  in  almost  similar 
proportion  by  all  Wage  Groups  was  for  Motion  Pictures.  The 
different  Wage  Groups  which  expended  the  most  money  for  the 
following  purposes,  are:  "Under  "$10",  Beer  and  Cigarettes;  "$10- 
$14.99,"  Smoking  Tobacco;  "$15-$19.99,"  Motion  Pictures;  "$20- 
$24.99,"  Whiskey;  "$25-$29.99,"  Self  Life  Insurance;  "$35  and 
over,"  Theatres,  Wine,  Cigars,  Personal  Contribution  to  Church 
and  Family  Life  Insurance. 


CONCLUSIONS    CONCERNING    THE    RELATION 

OF  HOURS  OF  LABOR  AND  THE  USE  OF 

SPARE  TIME 

FROM  the  data  secured  it  would  seem  conclusive  that  the  num- 
ber of  hours  which  a  group  of  men  work  per  day  is  directly 
related  to  the  ways  in  which  leisure  time  is  used.  The  greatest  con- 
trast is  apparent  between  the  spare  time  spent  by  men  in  the  8-9 
hour  group  and  men  in  the  11  hour  and  over  group.  The  8-9  hour 
men  engage  in  more  social  and  cultural  pastimes,  whereas  the  11 
hour  and  over  men  spend  most  of  their  spare  time  in  ways  which 
are  cheaper  and  more  convenient.  Between  these  two  extremes  the 
gradation  of  the  9-10  and  10-11  hour  groups  is  an  indication  that  the 
longer  the  working  day  the  less  social  and  educational  development. 

Students  of  the  liquor  problem  have  often  referred  to  the  Sa- 
loon as  the  poor  man's  club.  Justification  of  this  is  found  in  that, 
altho  the  actual  percentage  of  men  attending  the  saloon  in  the  11 
hour  and  over  group  is  smaller  than  that  in  the  shorter-hour  groups, 
yet  the  number  of  hours  spent,  the  number  of  visits  made,  and  the 
amount  of  money  expended  by  these  men  at  the  Saloon  are  far 
greater  than  for  men  working  a  lesser  number  of  hours. 

The  Tables  1  to  3  prove  untrue  the  oft-repeated  statement  that 
shorter  working  hours  afford  too  much  leisure  time  for  men  to  dis- 
sipate and  make  themselves  less  fit  for  labor. 

It  is  evident  from  a  comparison  of  the  Hour  Groups  that 
men  working  the  lesser  number  of  hours  per  day  use  their  spare 
time  more  wisely  and  more  uniformly  than  do  men  in  the  longer- 
hour  groups.  It  seems  probable  that  the  explanation  of  this  is  to  be 
found  in  the  ever-narrowing  margin  of  available  spare  time  as  the 
work  day  lengthens;  in  the  consequent  increase  of  fatigue 
with  more  labor;  in  the  withering  of  ambition  and  of  in- 
terest in  pleasure;  and,  finally,  in  decreasing  wages.  Men  who  work 
the  greatest  number  of  hours  per  day  seek,  in  the  use  of  their  spare 
time,  first  for  rest  and  then  for  recreation  that  comes  cheaply  and 
easily. 

The  answer  to  the  objection  that  if  a  11  hour  and  over  group  of 
men  were  placed  at  8-9  hour  work  they  would  continue  to  spend 
their  spare  time  in  the  same  manner  is  in  the  striking  uniformity 
of  the  ways  1065  men  usually  spend  their  time  on  Sundays,  the  one 
general  leisure  day.  (See  Table  24.)  Aside  from  the  disturbing  ele- 
ment of  work,  which  determines  23%  of  the  reports  from  the  11 
hour  and  over  group  and  which  is  also  quite  an  appreciable  factor 

83 


84  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

in  the  10-11  hour  group,  the  many  ways  of  spending  Sundays  are 
approximate  in  degree  of  choice  for  men  working  different  Hours  of 
Labor.  The  table  would  rather  indicate  that  to  give  workingmen 
an  equal  number  of  hours  of  leisure  would  tend  to  establish  a 
uniform  standard  for  spending  spare  time. 


SUGGESTIONS  FROM  WORKINGMEN 

What  Suggestions  Can  You  Offer  for  Improving  the  Use  of  Workingmen's  Spare  Time  ? 

American  Carpenter;  Age  41;  Married: 

"Shorter  hours  of  labor  and  provide  more  social  centers  where  free  public 
lectures  can  be  given  on  industrial,  social,  and  municipal  political  questions.  In- 
stead of  the  few  big  parks  in  cities  there  should  be  numerous  small  parks,  at  least 
two  in  every  square  mile,  every  one  a  social  center,  music  as  often  as  possible. 
Seven  nights  a  week  is  noc  too  much.  Public-controlled  dance  halls  at  every  center, 
every  night,  winter  and  summer.  We  are  becoming  too  seclusive.  Get  us  in  the 
habit  of  mixing.  Teach  us  to  talk  to  our  unintroduced  fellow  passenger  on  the 
trolley." 

English  Carpenter;  Age  48;  Single: 

"I  believe  in  outdoor  sports  for  the  young  men  such  as  base-ball  and  tennis 
and  all  sports  of  that  order,  that  give  men  plenty  of  fresh  air  and  exercise.  I  also 
think  a  workingman  can  improve  his  condition  by  studying  the  conditions 
and  working  to  better  them  not  only  for  his  own  good  but  for  those  who  come 
after  him.  I  note  with  pride  the  change  in  conditions  of  my  craft:  Twenty-five 
years  ago  in  this  city  we  worked  59  hours  per  week  with  a  wage  scale  from  $2.00 
to  $2.50  per  day;  at  the  present  time  we  work  44  hours  per  week  with  a  wage 
scale  of  $3.82  per  day.  If  it  were  not  for  the  good  Union  we  would  be  working 
under  the  same  conditions  as  we  were  25  years  ago. 

"I  believe  that  education  will  bring  about  a  great  change  in  the  workingman 
if  you  only  give  him  a  chance,  but  you  must  shorten  his  working  hours  so  that  he 
has  a  chance  to  study.  No  man  should  work  more  than  eight  hours  per  day." 

German  Stationary  Engineer:  Age  38;  Married: 

"Reduce  hours  of  labor,  then  the  workingman  will  have  spare  time  and  in 
addition  will  not  be  tired  out  by  long  hours  of  toil,  but  will  have  a  clear  mind  to 
accept  education  and  not  seek  stimulants  of  some  kind  or  another. 

"All  the  efforts  of  science,  all  money  of  the  nation  spent  on  army  and  navy, 
should  be  used  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a  system  of  educational  entertain- 
ments, the  teaching  of  art,  of  history  and  science,  the  building  of  dance  halls, 
bowling  alleys,  and  gymnasiums  under  the  management  of  men  with  high  moral 
conception  of  their  duties  and  not  under  the  influence  of  politicians." 

German  Letter  Carrier ;  Age  42 ;  Married : 

"Greater  use  of  our  public  halls  for  public  lectures  on  art,  manufactures,  and 
science  illustrated  by  up-to-date  moving  pictures  that  will  be  of  benefit  to  old  and 
young.  Something  that  will  displace  those  senseless  photo  plays  that  are  on  all 
the  bulletins  of  the  motion  picture  places. 

"An  orderly  and  comprehensive  system  of  working  shops,  where  inventions 
can  be  developed  and  perfected,  embracing  carpentry,  pattern  making,  machinist 
work,  die  casting,  etc.,  superintended  by  masters  of  the  various  lines.  To  be 
maintained  by  a  moderate  fee  and  a  certain  percentage  on  all  the  successful  in- 

85 


86  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

ventions  that  have  been  developed  by  this  institution  so  that  it  will  be  self-sup- 
porting. This  in  my  estimation  would  be  of  a  more  practical  value  to  the  country 
at  large  than  the  Carnegie  Library.  It  helps  the  poor  by  giving  them  the  use  of 
tools  and  facilities  that  they  could  not  buy,  making  them  useful  citizens  and 
directing  their  minds  from  the  idle  and  vicious  trend  that  is  so  prevalent  in  our 
cities,  especially  New  York. 

"The  average  workingman  wants  to  be  amused  in  his  spare  time  and  you 
cannot  blame  him,  so  any  scheme  that  will  amuse  him  and  educate  him  at  the 
same  time  will  be  in  order." 

Irish  Printer;  Age  45;  Married: 

"Clean,  open,  and  aboveboard  licensed  moving  picture  theatres. 

"Theatres  where  artistic  performances  of  moral  plays  may  be  rendered  to 
conform  to  the  purpose  of  the  toiler.  No  cheap  or  tawdry  performance  or  perfor- 
mer. 

"If  men  will  drink,  to  encourage  and  point  out  to  them  the  advantage  of 
beers,  ales,  light  wines,  etc.,  in  preference  to  alcoholic  drinks,  which  must  be 
avoided  as  much  as  possible. 

"Civic  centres,  social  reform  clubs  where  people  of  culture,  wealth,  and  educa- 
tion can  "mix"  with  the  "hoi  polloi,"  without  regarding  each  other  as  monkeys, 
etc.  And  this  has  been  the  fault  of  a  good  number  of  well-meaning  reformers  who 
should  know  better. 

"People  can  never  know  or  understand  one  another  until  they  "get  together" 
or  "mix."  Where  honesty  of  purpose  is  shown  by  both,  and  reasonable  allowance 
is  made  for  the  poor  argument  of  uneducated  workingmen,  a  mutual  respect 
follows  that  must  be  beneficial  to  the  community. 

"If  a  workman  is  unable  to  save  money  or  has  made  no  provision  for  illness, 
he  should  join  at  least  one  fraternal  society  that  provides  sick  benefits,  and  pay 
premiums  or  insurance  in  some  reliable  insurance  company.  Fraternal  societies 
meet  often,  and  very  often  recreation  is  provided  at  the  meetings. 

"The  Board  of  Education  Lecture  Course  is  excellent,  and  should  receive 
every  encouragement." 

Irish  Electrician;  Age  29;  Married: 

"I  beg  to  offer  as  suggestions  for  the  workingmen's  spare  time,  more  recre- 
ation centers  and  open  places  in  this  large  city  of  ours,  wherein  the  workingman 
could  derive  more  outdoor  exercise,  which  is  an  absolute  necessity  to  a  man  con- 
fined indoors  during  the  day  (at  labor).  If  such  was  done  a  man  could  play  his 
favorite  game  or  sport  on  a  holiday  or  Sunday,  and  would  be  a  means  of  keeping 
men  out  of  Saloons,  Pool  Parlors,  Dives,  and  Gambling  Dens. 

"Further  permit  me  to  say:  why  cannot  our  public  buildings,  as  the  Schools 
and  Libraries  of  this  city,  be  thrown  open  to  the  workingmen  between  the  hours 
of  7.30  and  10.00  P.  M.?  The  same  as  is  done  in  the  State  of  Wisconsin,  where 
men  can  assemble,  form  clubs,  non-sectarian  and  non-political  organizations. 
Debate  on  current  topics,  for  the  good  and  welfare  of  the  community  at  large." 

Irish  Stationary  Engineer;  Age  36;  Married: 

"In  regard  to  the  subject  of  improving  workingmen's  spare  time  I  have  this 
to  say.  It  is  necessary  to  first  get  the  workingmen  some  spare  time,  before  any- 


SUGGESTIONS  FROM  WORKINGMEN  87 

thing  can  be  done  towards  improving  it.  The  majority  of  the  men  of  my  acquain- 
tance have  very  little  spare  time.  I  work  eight  hours  myself,  but  I  consider  myself 
very  lucky.  There  are  some  trades  that  have  eight  hours  as  a  standard  day's  work, 
and  they  got  it  through  the  efforts  of  their  union;  but  there  is  the  most  deadly 
animosity  against  the  union  by  the  employers.  1 1  seems  to  be  next  to  impossible  to 
get  an  employer  to  consent  to  an  8  or  even  a  9  or  10  hour  day  if  he  can  escape  it ; 
nothing  less  than  12  hours  seems  to  be  satisfactory.  It  is  possible  to  help  a  large 
percentage  of  workingmen  by  means  of  schools  of  instruction,  but  through  long 
hours  and  heavy  work  it  is  a  severe  test  for  a  man  to  get  out  to  night  school  and 
study,  and  continue  the  study  required  of  a  pupil  who  is  a  constant  attendant 
thereat.  Now,  for  instance,  in  the  craft  to  which  I  belong  a  very  large  majority 
of  the  men  employed  work  twelve  hours  per  day,  and  that  under  the  most  trying 
conditions,  where  the  surrounding  temperature  is  very  often  125  to  140  degrees. 
A  man  who  works  12  hours  a  day  under  the  conditions  as  these  men  work  is  in 
no  way  fit  to  study  when  night  comes.  The  first  and  most  necessary  thing  to  do 
is  to  improve  conditions  for  men  to  work  under;  that  is  more  pressing  than  to 
think  of  improving  his  spare  time.  The  question  may  be  raised,  why  don't  the 
unions  do  it,  but  the  employer  generally  resents  in  the  most  antagonistic  manner 
any  interference  by  the  union,  and  he  is  pretty  well  sustained  by  the  Courts 
and  powers  higher  up,  and  so  far  as  I  in  my  humble  way  can  see  through  it,  I  do 
not  think  that  the  system  is  tending  toward  the  uplift  of  any  strata  of  society." 


Italian  Printer;  Age  18;  Single: 

"Have  the  public  schools  open  at  night,  so  that  the  working  people  could 
meet  there,  dance,  read,  and  have  lectures  on  'How  to  run  a  sanitary  Home,' 
'On  Politics,'  'On  the  Dance,'  and  'Moving  Pictures.'  Let  them  understand 
more  about  how  the  country  is  run.  Don't  have  lectures  about  travels  and  animals. 
Have  more  bath  houses  and  play  grounds  and  more  parks.  Have  library  and  give 
popular  books  (novels).  The  reason  why  people  do  not  go  to  libraries  is  because 
they  have  to  wait  too  long  to  get  a  new  book,  and  most  of  the  time  they  do  not 
get  it.  Have  a  big  meeting  place  so  you  can  hear  from  the  working  people  what 
the  conditions  are  at  work  and  at  home.  Have  a  Theatre  on  both  the  east  and 
west  side,  downtown,  so  that  the  people  could  give  plays;  I  mean  plays  acted  by 
themselves,  and  written  also.  Charge  little  or  no  admission." 

Italian  Stone-Mason ;  Age  35 ;  Married : 

"My  work  is  very  wearing;  lifting  heavy  stones  and  piling  them  up  as  fast 
as  possible  makes  the  muscles  and  brain  too  overworked  and  sore  to  make  me 
use  any  more  energy  on  thoughts  of  improving  conditions  of  any  kind.  Soul  and 
body  are  worn  out." 

Russian  Laborer ;  Age  22 ;  Single : 

"By  establishing  free  evening  schools  where  each  workingman  should  be 
able  to  derive  a  higher  education  or  prepare  himself  for  the  admission  to  any 
college.  By  establishing  free  evening  trade  schools  where  a  number  of  different 
skillful  trades  should  be  taught  to  all  those  who  wish  to  learn  a  good  trade." 


88  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

Russian  Tailor;  Age  24;  Single: 

"I  would  suggest  that  a  workman  should  not  work  such  long  hours.  I  be- 
lieve eight  hours  is  sufficient  for  any  man  to  work.  A  law  ought  to  be  passed  to 
that  effect.  You  take  a  man  today  that  works  for  a  private  concern,  he  spends  10 
hours  doing  physical  or  mental  labor,  then  add  one  hour  in  the  morning  to  get 
to  the  place  of  business  and  then  one  hour  in  the  evening  to  get  home,  often  hang- 
ing on  straps  in  the  elevated  trains  or  subway,  here  you  have  12  hours  spent  each 
day  merely  for  the  sake  of  making  a  living  and  then  what  is  left  of  his  time  for 
recreation,  reading,  studying,  enjoyment,  a  mere  trifle,  gentlemen,  just  a  trifle. 

"Give  a  workman  more  leisure  time  for  himself  and  family  and  you  will  not 
only  benefit  him  but  the  community  at  large." 


APPENDIX 


NATIONALITY  OF  FATHER 
Son  born  in  "America." 


NUMBER  OF  MEN. 
ACCORDING  TO  HOURS  OF  LABOR 


8-9      |     9-10     |    10-11    |  11-over 


American 

11 

6 

6 

5 

Austria  Hungarian.    . 

10 

12 

1 

3 

British. 

31 

12 

5 

4 

Chinese  

1 

Colored  .  . 

1 

1 

Cuban 

1 

1 

French  

1 

German. 

22 

7 

5 

4 

Italian 

5 

5 

1 

Japanese 

1 

Roumanian  .    .    .. 

1 

1 

1 

Russian. 

8 

3 

3 

4 

Scandinavian 

1 

1 

Unspecified  

4 

3 

1 

1 

Total  

93 

54 

25 

22 

IN  WHAT  COUNTRY  BORN 
Austria- Hungary  and  Balkan  States 


8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11-over 

Armenia    

2 

Austria-H  ungary 

19 

29 

23 

14 

Bulgaria  

5 

Greece. 

2 

1 

11 

23 

Rou  mania 

5 

7 

2 

2 

Syria 

1 

2 

5 

10 

Turkey  

5 

4 

3 

Unspecified.      .                ...                                  .... 

1 

Total  

32 

44 

41 

59 

IN  WHAT  COUNTRY  BORN 


8-9 

9-10 

10-11 

11-over 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 

40 

28 

g 

5 

Canada             

3 

Australia 

1 

Total 

44 

28 

8 

5 

Germany  .                 

17 

14 

1 

4 

Netherlands 

1 

Scandinavia   

25 

7 

4 

6 

Total  

43 

21 

5 

10 

Italy 

23 

30 

7 

10 

Portugal  
Spain 

6 

'  "2 

1 

Total                                        ....            .            .      . 

29 

32 

8 

10 

Finland         

7 

1 

1 

Lithuania 

3 

1 

1 

Russia  (Poland)  

37 

68 

37 

18 

Total  

44 

72 

39 

19 

•Others" 


Belgium.                .                                      

1 

China 

1 

Cuba       .            

1 

France 

4 

6 

1 

2 

India 

2 

1 

Japan.                     ...      .                  .            

2 

1 

Total  

5 

9 

2 

6 

89 


SCHEDULE  ONE 
THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WORKINGMEN'S  TIME 


We  are  seeking  by  means  of  this  personal  appeal  to  find  how  workingmen 
spend  their  time.  Will  you  kindly  answer  the  questions  on  the  following  pages  in 
order  that  your  experience  may  help  to  secure  better  educational  and  recreational 
means  for  improving  the  use  of  spare  time?  It  will  not  do  you  any  harm,  but  your 
assistance  will  prove  of  the  greatest  value.  Do  not  sign  your  name  unless  you  de- 
sire to  do  so. 


"I  have  looked  the  questions  over  and  I  think  they  are  excellent.  I  would 
like  for  the  replies  to  be  fully  made  by  every  man  of  labor.  If  I  had  the  opportu- 
nity I  WOULD  LIKE  PERSONALLY  TO  APPEAL  TO  THEM  TO  REPLY 
AS  FULLY  AS  POSSIBLE." 

SAMUEL  GOMPERS, 
President  American  Federation  of  Labor. 


"We  heartily  approve  of  this  study  as  a  help  towards  bringing  about  a 
UNIVERSAL  EIGHT-HOUR  DAY,  and  we  earnestly  appeal  to  every  man  of 
labor  to  answer  the  questions  herein  given." 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE, 

Central  Federated  Union. 


"The  opportunity  is  here  given  for  workingmen  to  better  their  hours  of 
labor  and  hours  apart  from  labor  by  co-operating  in  this  much-needed  scientific 
investigation.  I  believe  that  all  broad-minded  workingmen  will  see  in  this  study 
a  means  for  improving  social  conditions  and  be  interested  enough  to  help  and  be 
helped." 

JOHN  S.  WHALEN, 

Deputy  Commissioner  of  Labor. 


90 


APPENDIX  91 

DAILY  DISTRIBUTION  OF  TIME  DURING  ONE  WEEK 

DIRECTIONS:— Please  fill  in  for  EACH  DAY  the  EXACT  HOUR  or  the 
EXACT  NUMBER  of  HOURS  which  the  question  asks  for.  Where  you  cannot 
give  the  exact  time,  show  with  a  cross  mark  X  on  what  days  you  do  what  the 
questions  ask. 


SAT. 

SUN. 

MON. 

TUB. 

WED. 

THU. 

FRI. 

I.  At  What  Hour  Each  Day: 

2.  Do  you  go  to  bed' 

3.  Do  you  leave  home  to  go  to  work?  .  . 

5    Do  you  return  home  from  work?. 

II.  How  Many  Hours  Do  You  Work? 

III.  At  What  Hour: 

1.  Do  you  eat  breakfast?.            

3    Do  you  eat  supper? 

IV.  How  Many  Hours  Do  You  Spend: 

1.  At  labor  union?  

2.  At  clubs  or  lodges?  

3    At  church  or  synagogue?.   .          

4.  At  public  lectures?  

5.  At  art  galleries?  

6.  At  motion  pictures?  

7    At  theatres?.                            

8.  At  dance?  

9.  At  saloon?  

10    Number  of  times  you  go  to  saloon?. 

11    Playing  pool?                   

12.  Playing  cards?  

V.  How  Many  Hours  Do  You  Spend: 

2    Reading  newspaper?  . 

3    Reading  magazines?  

4.  Reading  bocks?  

5    Visiting  your  friends? 

92  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

GENERAL  INFORMATION 


What  is  your  age? In  what  country  were  you  born? 

How  long  have  you  been  in  the  United  States? 

If  born  in  America,  what  is  the  nationality  of  your  father? 

Are  you  of  the  Protestant,  Catholic,  or  Jewish  faith? 

How  many  times  a  month  do  you  go  to  the  church  or  the  synagogue? 

What  is  your  trade  or  work? What  is  your  pay  each  day? 

How  much  did  you  make  last  week? How  much  do  you  usually  make  a  week? 

About  how  many  days.weeks,  or  months  were  you  out  of  work  on  account  of  being  laid  off  during  the 

last  12  months? 

About  how  many  days,  weeks,  or  months  were  you  out  of  work  on  account  of  being  sick  during  the 

last  12  months? 

Are  you  married? How  many  children  have  you? 

How  many  of  your  children  are  working? 

How  many  other  persons  do  you  support  (as  wife,  parents,  etc.)? 

Where  do  you  eat  at  noon  (as  restaurant,  home,  saloon,  or  place  where  you  work)? 

How  much  did  you  spend  for  motion  pictures  during  the  past  week? During  the  past  month? 

How  much  did  you  spend  for  theatres  during  the  past  week? During  the  past  month? 

How  much  did  you  spend  during  the  past  week  for  beer? For  wines? 

For  whiskey  or  other  liquors? 

How  much  did  you  spend  during  the  past  week  for  chewing  tobacco? For  smoking  tobacco  ? 

For  cigars? For  cigarettes? 

What  do  you  usually  do  after  supper  until  bedtime? 


What  do  you  usually  do  Saturday  afternoons? . 


What  do  you  usually  do  Sundays?. 


Where  do  you  usually  go  on  trips,  excursions,  or  other  outings?. 


What  holidays  do  you  usually  get  each  year? . 


What  do  you  do  on  these  holidays? . 


APPENDIX  93 

SUGGESTIONS 

What  suggestions  can  you  offer  for  improving  the  use  of  workingmen's 
spare  time? 


Return  to 

GEORGE  E.  BEVANS, 
Hartley  Hall,  Columbia  University, 
NEW  YORK 


94  HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 

SCHEDULE  TWO 
THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WORKWOMEN'S  TIME 


We  are  seeking  by  means  of  this  personal  appeal  to  find  how  workingmen 
spend  their  time.  Will  you  kindly  answer  the  questions  on  the  following  pages  in 
order  that  your  experience  may  help  to  secure  better  educational  and  recreational 
means  for  improving  the  use  of  spare  time?  It  will  not  do  you  any  harm,  but  your 
assistance  will  prove  of  the  greatest  value.  Do  not  sign  your  name  unless  you  de- 
sire to  do  so. 


GENERAL  INFORMATION 

What  is  your  age? In  what  country  were  you  born? 

How  long  have  you  been  in  the  United  States? 

If  born  in  America,  what  is  the  nationality  of  your  father? 

Are  you  of  the  Protestant,  Catholic,  or  Jewish  faith? 

How  many  times  a  month  do  you  go  to  the  church  or  the  synagogue? 

What  is  your  trade  or  work? What  is  your  pay  each  day? 

Are  you  employed  on  piece  work,  or  do  you  work  by  the  day? 

How  much  did  you  make  last  week? How  much  do  you  usually  make  a  week? 

Are  you  a  member  of  a  labor  union? 

About  how  many  days,  weeks,  or  months  were  you  outlof  work  on  account  of  being  laid  off  during 

the  last  12  months? 

About  how  many  days,  weeks,  or  months  were  you  out  of  work  on  account  of  being  sick  during  the 

last  12  months? 

Are  you  married? How  many  children  have  you? 

How  many  of  your  children  are  working? 

How  many  of  your  children  are  working  at  home  for  money  (making  garments,  flowers,  etc)? 

How  much  do  they  usually  earn  a  week? 

How  many  of  your  children  are  employed  outside  the  home? 

How  much  do  they  usually  earn  a  week? 

Does  your  wife  take  in  outside  work  at  home  (as  sewing,  washing,  etc.)? 

What  does  she  usually  earn  a  week? 

Does  your  wife  work  in  a  store  or  factory? How  many  hours  a  day? What  pay  a 

day? 

How  many  other  persons  do  you  support  (as  wife,  parents,  etc.)? 

Where  do  you  eat  at  noon  (restaurant,  home,  saloon,  or  place  where  you  work)? 

Is  there  a  separate  place  provided  in  the  shop  where  you  may  eat  at  noon? 

How  much  did  you  spend  for  motion  pictures  during  the  past  week? During  the  past 

month? 

How  much  did  you  spend  for  theatres  during  the  past  week? During  the  past  month? 

How  much  did  you  spend  during  the  past  week  for  beer? For  wine? 

For  whiskey  or  other  liquors? 

Do  you  drink  liquor  before  going  to  work? At  the  noon  hour? 

How  much  did  you  spend  during  the  past  week  for  chewing  tobacco? For  smoking 

tobacco? .  .  


APPENDIX  95 


For  cigars? For  cigarettes? . 

What  do  you  usually  do  after  supper  until  bedtime? 


How  much  do  you  contribute  per  week  to  the  support  of  the  church? 

What  is  the  total  contribution  per  week  of  the  members  of  your  family  who  are  not  wage-earners 

toward  the  support  of  the  church? 

How  much  do  you  spend  per  month  for  life  insurance? For  yourself? For  your 

family? 

What  do  you  usually  do  Saturday  afternoons? 


What  do  you  usually  do  Sundays?. 


Where  do  you  usually  go  on  trips,  excursions, or  other  outings?. 


How  much  time  do  you  spend  trolley-riding  for  pleasure  ? . 
What  holidays  do  you  usually  get  each  year? 


What  do  you  do  on  these  holidays?. 


Do  you  have  a  vacation? How  do  you  spend  it?. 


Do  you  take  your  recreation  with  or  without  your  family? 

How  much  time  do  you  usually  take  to  eat  breakfast? Dinner? Supper?. 

How  much  time  do  you  spend  per  week  on  odd  jobs  at  home? 

Are  there  night  schools  in  your  neighborhood? 

Are  there  men's  clubs  ? 

Are  there  social  centers? Are  there  public  lectures? 

Are  recreational  facilities  provided  by  the  company  for  which  you  work? 

What  is  the  nature  of  these  recreational  features? 


How  are  they  regarded  by  the  men?     Do  they  resent  welfare  work  or  do  they  approve  of  it? . 


In  what  way  have  you  found  it  most  profitable  to  spend  your  spare  time? . 


Why?. 


96 


HOW  WORKINGMEN  SPEND  THEIR  SPARE  TIME 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  TIME  DURING  SEVEN  DAYS 

DIRECTIONS:— Please  fill  in  for  EACH  DAY  the  EXACT  HOUR  or  the 
EXACT  NUMBER  of  HOURS  which  the  question  asks  for.  Where  you  cannot 
give  the  exact  time,  show  with  a  cross  mark  X  on  what  days  you  do  what  the 
questions  ask. 


SAT. 

SUN. 

MON. 

TUE. 

WED. 

THU. 

FRI. 

1.  At  What  Hour  Each  Day: 

2    How  Many  Hours  Do  You  Work? 

3.  At  What  Hour: 

*Dis- 

4.  How  Many  Hours  Do  You  Spend: 

tance 
from 
your 
home 

At  public  lectures?                           .     ... 

At  art  galleries? 

At  library? 

At  night  school? 

At  theatres? 

At  dance?.                                            .... 

At  base-ball?  

Playing  cards? 

5.  How  Many  Hours  Do  You  Spend: 

With  your  family? 

Reading  newspapers?.     .                 ... 

Visiting  your  friends?  



If  any  of  the  items  in  4  or  5  are  not  daily  or  weekly  occurrences,  state  how  often  they  occur, 
or  how  many  hours  is  given  to  them  per  month. 

*Enter  after  each  question  in  4,  extra  column,  the  distance  in  squares  or  blocks  from  ydur 
home  (as,  Labor  Union  Hall,  6)  means  hall  is  six  blocks  or  squares  from  your  home. 


APPENDIX  .  .  /.  ."    . .    "   ,\  97 

SUGGESTIONS' 

What  suggestions  can  you  offer  for  improving  the  use  of  workingmen's 
spare  time? 


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BUREAU  OF  SOCIAL  SERVICE 
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VITA 

George  Esdras  Bevans  was  born  in  Pocomoke  City,  Maryland, 
July  15,  1886.  He  completed  the  high-school  course  at  Pocomoke 
City,  Maryland,  in  1903.  He  received  the  degree  of  B.A.  from 
Western  Maryland  College,  1906;  B.D.  from  Westminster  Theo- 
logical Seminary,  1908;  M.A.  from  Yale  University,  1910;  B.D. 
from  Union  Theological  Seminary,  1911.  In  the  fall  of  1910  he 
matriculated  in  Columbia  University  and  devoted  two  full  academic 
years  and  one  summer  session  to  special  work  in  the  Department 
of  Political  Science  under  Professors  Franklin  H.  Giddings,  Samuel 
M.  Lindsay,  Edward  T.  Devine,  Henry  R.  Seager,  and  Robert  E. 
Chaddock. 


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